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Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 161
International Conference on Issues in Social and Education Research (ICISER 2017)
Multilingualism in Cikoneng, Anyer, Serang,
Banten, Indonesia
RadenGunawan
Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University
Serang, Banten, Indonesia
radengunawan59@yahoo.com
Abstract - Many researches on multilingualism had been order to find research reports on trilingualism, quadlingualism,
conducted and could be found in sociolinguistics books and and other multilingualisms [7][12].
journals. However, most of the researches involved not more With regard to the multiligualism, that is, the ability
than two languages that were used and spoken in certain to speak more than two languages, there was a multilingual
communities. Researches that involved three languages people who live in Cokoneng, Anyer, Banten, Indonesia. The
(trilingualism) and four languages (quadlingualism) or more uniqueness of the Cikoneng people was that not only did they
werestill rarely found in the sociolinguistic literatures. In Anyer, speak two languages but they could equally fluently speak
Serang, in the Province of Banten, Indonesia, there is a village four languages, that is, Lampungnese, Banten Javanese,
called Cikoneng. In this village, the native inhabitants, as it was
said, could equally fluently speak four languages. There was no Banten Sundanese, and Indonesian. Even, it could be
as yet evidence that showed that such a multilingualism really predicted, some of highly-educated people of the village
existed in Cikoneng. This study was very much focused on could speak English and Arabic as a foreign language. Thus,
finding out whether or not Cikoneng’s people were quadlingual. not only were they expected to be quadlingual but some of
In other words, one of intriguing questions was: “Does them might also be pentalingual and even hexlingual.
multilingualism or quadlingualism in fact exist in Cikoneng?” Quadlingual, pentalingual, and hexligual are in fact three
Applying a phenomenological qualitative approach, the study words that are rarely found in sociolinguistic books and
was performed by using observation, interview, and document journals.
study techniques. The data and information obtained were It seems, then, observing such multilingualism might
qualitatively analyzed and summarized to draw conclusions and
seuggestions. It appears that the multilingualism or be of importance. One might be so wondering if it is real that
quadlingualism is really there in Cikoneng. The villagers can Cikoneng villagers can speak more that two languages. How
equally fluently speak four languages, that is, Lampungnese as many languages can they fluently speak? What languages?
their mother togue, Indonesian as the National Language, and Howdotheyusethose languages intheir dailylife? Those are
SundaneseandJavaneseusedand spokenwiththeirneighboring questions that might appear in one’s mind. In terms of
villagers. This study can be considered a preliminary study for sociolinguistics, other more academic questions might be
further reseaches on the multilingualism phenomenon in raised such as how code switching accur in a multilingual
Cikoneng,Anyer,Serang,BantenofIndonesia. community in Cikoneng, how the villagers interact among
Index Terms - Multilingualism, quadlingualism, further themselves internally, and how they interact with the
researches. outsiders, and many other formal questions. As a matter of
I. INTRODUCTION fact, an in-depth study needs to be carried out in ordr to
Researches on multilingualism (including code answersuch kinds of questions above.
switching and mixing) that involve various kinds of languages As a preliminary study, the focus will be on
and dialects all over the world have been frequently made. answering whether or not the multilingualism, specifically
However, most of the researches looked into not more than quadlingualism, really exists in the village Cikoneng, Anyer,
two languages used by certain communities. Code switching Banten, Indonesia. If it does, a further study needs to be
and mixing in a bilingual community. In other words, they conducted in order to uncover some unanswered questions.
talked about bilingualism only [6][3][1][13][15]. II. SUPPORTINGTHEORIES
One research paper that reported code switching in a A. Speech Community
trilingual community was of [2]. He observed code switching
among Kenyans in Upstate New York, USA. The focus of his In a very simple way, sociolinguistics is defined as
study was on the first generation Kenyans in the US who were the study that is concerned with the language use within or
trilingual in Swahili, English, and Ekegusii. Trilingualism among groups of speakers. The groups of speakers that
respectively in Canada and India. Other than the above three sociolinguists have generally attempted to look at is called
researchers’ works, other research findings on the code speech community. What is speech community? In his book
switching and mixing in trilingual communities have not been “An Introduction to Sociolingistics”, [16] tried to explain
found. An extent literature survey has to be carried out in about speech community. as cited by Wardhaugh defined a
“real” speech community as “all the people who use a given
Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. 68
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 161
language (or dialect).” as quoted by Wardhaugh, tended to ability to shift from one language to another is accepted as
use the term “linguistic community” rather than “speech quite normal. Singapore has four official languages: English,
community”. He proceeded to define that term as follows: the Mandarin variety of Chinese, Tamil, and Malay, which is
also the national language. The language of government
a social group which may be either monolingual or employment, he added, will be Standard Singapore English
multilingual, held together by frequency of social but some Mandarin will be used from time to time; however,
interaction patterns and set off from the surrounding shopping will be carried out in Hokkien, Singlish, and the
areas by weaknesses in the line of communication. ‘bazaar’ variety of Malay used throughout the region.
Linguistic communities may consist of small groups
bound together by face-to-face contact or may cover C. Methods and Instrument
large regions, depending on the level of abstraction we Onthebasis of scope, purpose of research, and nature
wish to achieve. of subject that have been described in the Introduction, in this
Indonesia, with more than 500 ethnic groups, study, it might be acceptable that a phenomenological
cultures , and dialects, is in fact a multilingual community. qualitative approach will be used. This approach had been
Most of the Indonesian people can speak more than one supported by data collecting methods that comprises literature
language. Local language that is used by certain ethnic group survey, observation, and interview.
such as Javanese, Sundanese, Lampungnese, Ambonese is as Above all, the most important factor in the
mother tongue and Bahasa Indonesia or Indonesia language as phenomenological qualitative study is the researcher himself
the second language. Most Indonesian, then, speak at least two as human instrument of research. Characteristics that uniquely
languages. In certain region like Cikoneng in the Province of qualify the human as the instrument of choice. These are as (1)
Banten, Indonesia, the people, as it was said, spoke equally Responsiveness, (2) Adaptability, (3) Holistic emphasis, (4)
fluently four languages (Lampungnese, Banten Sundanese, Knowledge base expansion, (5) Processual Immediacy, (6)
Banten Javenese, and Bahasa Indonesia). Even, some of them Opportunities for clarification and summarization, and (7)
who were highy-educated could speak English and Arabic as Opportunity to explore atypical and idiosyncratic responses
well. [8].
This phenomenon can be seen in the interaction D. Findings and Discussion
within or among community in a certain region in Indonesia.
They predominantly use their local language as their media of Cikoneng is located in Anyer, a subdistrict of Serang,
communication beside Bahasa Indonesia or mix their own Banten Province, Indonesia. It was about 120 km to the west
local language with Bahasa Indonesia. This reality has been of Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia. It takes about two hours
enabling the existence of bilingualism and multilingualism, from Jakarta by car. Cikoneng with the population of about
that is, the ability to speak two or more languages. 3500 people has the following borders: on the west is Sunda
B. Multilingualism Strait, on the east is Tanjung Manis, on the north is Anyer, and
onthesouth is Tambang Ayam.
Simply put, multilingualism is the ability to use more The existence of Lampungnese speaking people in
than two languages. Accordingly, multilingualism includes Cikoneng cannot be separated from the fact that there had
trilingualism, quadlingualism, pentalingualism, and so forth. been being a close relationship between the two regions long
Existence of multiligualism in certain parts of the world [16]. before the Dutch came to Indonesia in 1596. Not only the
Anexample of multilingualism, as noted by Wardhaugh citing relationship was tied on the basis of common interests, that is,
exists among the Tukano of the North-West Amazon, on the trade relationship and defense against external threats, but also
border between Colombia and Brazil. “The Tukano are a it was related to the mission of spreading Islam teachings in
multilingual people because men must marry outside their Java and Sumatera. And more than that, the relationship was
language groups; that is, no man may have a wife who speak well-tied because of the brotherhood realtionship between the
his language, for that kind of marriage relationship is not leaders of the two regions [5].
permitted and would be viewed as a kind of incest. Men
choose the women they marry from various neighboring tribes
who speak other languages. Furthermore, on marriage,
women move into the men’s households or longhouses ... III. NOTESANDDISCUSSION
Multilingualism is taken for granted, and moving from one NOTE1
language to another in the course of a single conversation is
very common...” [16] Participants/Interviewees: 2 persons (Mr. and Mrs. UP)
Moreover, Wardhaugh took Singapore when he gave Place: Mr. UP’s family house at Cikoneng
an example of multilingualism and code switching. In a
multilingual country like Singapore, he began to describe, the Time: 13.00 -14.00, 9 April 25, 2017
69
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 161
Activity: Interview & Observation The substance of Note 3 was in agreement with the
previously mentioned information, that is, the first is that
Based on Note 1 (NB: all the notes – from 1 to 5 – Lampungnese is as the first language in Cikoneng, and the
are not included in this report), the information was that the second is that multilingualism is really there. This is shown by
first language acquired by children was Lampungnese, the the fact, in responding the researcher’s inquiry, that the
language spoken by their parents. In other words, respondent clearly said, “Yes, sure. Only in formal context we
Lampungnese was as the mother tongue of the native the natives use Indonesian. But in our daily conversation
villagers. The respondent’s statement that “at village among the natives we always speak Lampungnese.” “We
Cikoneng the first language children learn and practise is speak Sundanese dan Javanese when we are dealing and
Lampungnese. This is because Lampungnese is used at home” interacting with our neighboring villages,” he continued.
and “Even our children can speak Lampungnese more fluently
than their father does” could be used in supporting the above- NOTE4
mentioned conclusion.
Participants/Interviewees: 6 persons (Mr. IP and 5 students)
NOTE2
Place: SMAN (Senior High School) One , Anyer.
Participants/Interviewees: 4 persons (Mr. N, Mr. HB, Mr. M
and Mr HAM) Time: 9.00 – 11.00 AM, April 27, 2017
Place: Office of Village Chief, Cikoneng Activity: Interview & Observation
Time: 9.30 – 12.00 AM, April 25, 2017 Thefacts observed as desribed in detail in Note 4
simplyshow as well that (1) Lampungnese is as the mother
Activity: Interview & Observation tongue of the people and (2) quadlingualism really exists in
Cikoneng. Again, this conclusion is in accordance with the
Information obtained from the respondents, as detailed in Note phenomenaas described in Note 1, 2, and 3.
2, could be summarized as follows:
NOTE5
(i) The first respondent (Mr. HB) admitted that he himself
was quadlingualism as he said, “I speak four languages, Participants/Interviewees: 3 persons (Ms. RA, Ms. MG and
Indonesian, Lampungnese, Sundanese, and Javanese.” “If Mr. F)
he or she admitted that he or she is native Cikoneng
villager but he or she can not speak four languages, he or Place: The Village Chief’s office
she is not really Cikoneng villager,” he added. Time: 9.00 – 10.00 AM, May 2, 2017
(ii) The second respondent (Mr. N) naturally showed the Activity: Interview & Observation
evidence that quadlingualism does exist in Cikoneng. This
was shown from the fact he could switch from one Once again, in brief, the essence of Note 5 suggests
language to another without any obstacle. that native inhabitants of Cikoneng are multilingual. They are
(iii)The third and fourth respondent (Mr. M and Mr. HAM) able to use and equally fluently speak four languages. Also,
justified the fact as mentioned in (i) and (ii) above. this conclusion is in support of all the above-mentioned
conclusions.
Based on the above information, it could be said that IV. CONCLUSION
in Cikoneng, Banten of Indonesia, multilingualism or
quadlingualism does exist. Not only could the natives speak Researches on multilingualism that involve various kinds of
two languages – Lampungnese and Indonesian – but they languages and dialects all over the world have been frequently
could also speak Sundanese and Javanese. They were in fact reported. However, most of the researches tried to observe not
quadlingual people. more than two languages used and spoken in certain societies.
NOTE3 Whilst, research papers that reported trilingual communities
were still a few [6][1][13][3][15][2][7][12].
Participant/Interviewee: 1 person (A villager at the mosque) Studies on multilingualism or quadlingualism were
Place: Masjid Assyauroh Salatuhur, Cikoneng reported by [16]. Multilingualism in the Tukano community
in North-West Amazon. Wardhaugh also mentioned an
Time: 12.00- 12.15 PM, April 25, 2017 example of multilingualism in Singapore in which people
spoke four languages: English, Mandarin, Tamil, and Malay.
Activity: Interview & Observation
70
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 161
With regard to the multilingualism, that is, the ability to
speak more than two languages, there was, as it was said, a
multilingual people who lived in Cikoneng, Anyer, Banten,
Indonesia. The uniqueness of the Cikoneng people, it was
said, was that not only did they speak two languages but they
could equally fluently speak four languages, that is,
Lampungnese, Javanese, Sundanese, and surely Indonesian.
Accodingly, the main question is “Does multilingualism or
more specifically quadlingualism really exist in Cikoneng?”
As an attempt to answer the question, a preliminary study was
conducted.
Based on the observation and interview that had been
conducted, it could be concluded that multilingualism does
exist in Cikoneng. The Cikoneng people can use and equally
fluently speak four languages: Lampungnese, Indonesian,
Sundanese, and Javanese. They are in fact quadlingual. Since
this report is merely as a preliminary study, a further research
needs to be carried out in order to obtain more convincing
answers to some more intriguing questions.
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