Structural Grammar and Spoken English 
                
                                                                                                           
                                                 
                                                 
                                                 
                                                 
                                                 
                                                 
                
                
                
               www.Anilrana13014.webbly.comGoogle search = Anilrana13014 & k8449r                     UUHF 
                
                           9. Structural Grammar and Spoken English (NC) 2 (1+1) 
               Structural Grammar: Introduction of Word Classes; Structure of Verb in English; Uses 
               of Tenses; Study of Voice; Study of Conjunctions and Prepositions; Sentence Patterns 
               in English. Spoken English: Conversations of different situations in everyday life; the 
               concept  of  stress;  stress  shift  in  words  and  sentences;  silent  letters  in  words  and 
               pronunciation of words with silent letters, the basic intonation patterns.  
               Practical:  Structural  Grammar:  Exercises  in  word  classes,  identification  and  study  of  verbs  in 
               sentences, application of tenses and voice, exercises in conjunctions and prepositions, other structural 
               grammar  exercises,  report  writing,  letter  writing  (different  types  of  letters).  Spoken  English: 
               Conversations  of  everyday  life,  the  concept  of  stress;  stress  shift.  Silent  letters  in  words,  basic 
               intonation patterns, preparing and address. 
               www.Anilrana13014.webbly.com  Google search = Anilrana13014                           UUHF 
                
                                                                 Lecture No.1 
                                     Introduction to the Structure of English Language and to some 
                      Word Classes. 
                               English, being an international language, is taking a prominent place all over the 
                      world. Because of world wide necessity English is not only a language but it helps a man 
                      in acquiring knowledge and thereby developing his career. In fact, the language is no 
                      more a language of conquest, but a language of quest. 
                               Human beings first  used  different  sounds  to  communicate  different  meanings. 
                      Then they made graphical representations of the sounds in a written form. They went on 
                      to form words and sentences. Finally they created rules to govern formation of sentences 
                      and together they called them Grammar. 
                                Any document grammatically written facilitates transfer of the author’s thoughts 
                      to a reader whereas ungrammatically written one fails to do that. 
                               English  Grammar  describes  the  properties  of  English  language.  Structural  or 
                      Prescriptive  Grammar is inductive and the rules help a learner to know the sentence 
                      formation.    If  the  words  are  not  arranged  in  correct  order,  we  cannot  communicate 
                      effectively. 
                               Mother Tongue is entirely different from a foreign language. The former comes 
                      automatically  since  it  is  a  practice,  whereas  the  latter  is  acquired  by  a  methodical 
                      learning. It is essential for the learners to comprehend the structure of that language.     
                               English is said to be a very flexible language and it is always growing. We need 
                      continuous practice in writing. This facilitates written communication to become effective 
                      communication - effective by its grammar and its meaning. 
                               1.       
                      Structure of Written English 
                                                                 Morphemes(minimum lexical units) 
                                                                     ↓     
                                                                 Words(minimum meaningful lexical units) 
                                                                     ↓     
                                                                 Phrases ( grammatically & semantically incomplete) 
                                                                     ↓  
                                                                 Clauses ( Grammatically incomplete, but     
                                                                                   semantically complete) 
                                                                         1 
                       
                                                                  ↓                                                   ↑ 
                                                              Sentences ( Grammatically and semantically    
                                                                                complete) 
                         ·   The basic elements in a word are called morphemes. 
                                e.g.  in - dependent - ly →   independently  
                         ·   The study of morphemes is called morphology. 
                         ·   The study of words, that is, their formation and spelling is called Lexis  
                         ·   The study of how words are organized into phrases, clauses and sentences is 
                             called as Syntax.  
                     Words are independent units. They are divided into some classes according to how they 
                     work within phrases, clauses and sentences. These divisions are called as Parts of Speech 
                     or Word Classes. 
                     The traditional Parts of sentence are eight in number. However since article forms a part 
                     and parcel of sentences, and the University Grammar of English has included article as 
                     one of the parts of sentence, it is also included in the list apart from eight. 
                             ·       Nouns 
                             ·       Pronouns 
                             ·       Adjectives 
                             ·       Verbs 
                             ·       Articles 
                             ·       Prepositions 
                             ·       Conjunctions 
                             ·       Adverbs 
                             ·       Interjections 
                             Sentences 
                                     A  sentence  is  commonly  defined  as  “a  complete  unit  of  thought”.  It 
                     consists of many words. That is morphemes form words, words form sentences. There are 
                     four types of sentences. They are: 
                                                                       
                                                                                     Sentences 
                      
                      
                                              
                                                                     2