19LINX 2:                                                                                                     
                   
                   
                   
                                                                           
                   
                   
                   
                                                                           
                                                                 Compiled by 
                   
                                                          Dr. R. Lalitha Raja,  
                         Assistant Professor, CAS in Linguistics, Annamalai University. 
                    
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                                                                           
                                         
                                            ANNAMALAI                           UNIVERSITY 
                                         
                                     CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY IN LINGUISTICS 
                                                           ANNAMALAI NAGAR 
                                                                      2020 
                   19LINX2: Applied Linguistics  
                           
       Unit - I: Translation 
       Need and scope, definition of translation, Types of translation,literal, conceptual translation; 
       models of translation: metaphrase, paraphrase, imitation, adaptation, recreation; Translation 
       equivalences - Nida’s three Phase model; Theories of translation: theories of the present age 
       –  philological  theory,  Ethnolinguistic  theory,  Linguistic  theory,  Sociolinguistic  theory, 
       psycholinguistic theory, Linguistic problems, types of meanings; referential and connotative 
       meaning, cultural diffusion. 
        
       Unit - II: Language Teaching Methods 
       Linguistic  theories  to  the  language  teaching  and  learning;  Language  teaching  methods- 
       Grammar-Translation  method-Direct  method-Audio-lingual  method-Cognitive  method  – 
       Eclectic  method  -  Interactive  &  Communicative  approach.  Language  proficiency- 
       isteningspeaking- reading-writing; First, Second, and foreign language acquisition; Teaching 
       aids;  contrastive  analysis-error  analysis-identification  of  errors-Description  of  errors-
       Explanation  of  errors;  Language  Testing-Basic  concepts  of  Language  Testing;  Language 
       Planning Vs Curriculum Planning. 
        
       Unit - III: Lexicography 
       Lexical  and  grammatical  meaning;  components  of  lexical  meaning;  meaning  triangle  of 
       Ogden  &  Richards;  Types  of  dictionaries  –  Encyclopedic  vs  Linguistic  synchronic  vs 
       diachronic – general vs special; lexicographic method-basic decision – Articulation of work: 
       collection  of  material  –  selection  of  entries  –  construction  of  entries  –  glosses,  labels, 
       subentries – reduced entries – presentation of polysemy; arrangement of entries – types of 
       arrangement, alphabetic – semantic; appendices. 
        
       Unit - IV: Computational Linguistics: 
       Computer Anatomy – Input devices, output devices, central processing unit; memory-ROM, 
       RAM; hardware Vs software; Programming Languages; Database; Introduction to Natural 
       Language  parsing-parsing  techniques  –  Top-down  parsing;  Bottom-up  parsing  Machine 
       Readable Dictionary (MRD); e-dictionary. 
        
       Unit-V: Psycholinguistics: 
       Concepts  of  psycholinguistics  –  the  psychology  of  language  –  theories  of  language 
       acquisition  and  learning  –  process  of  perception  –  process  of  comprehension:  sentence 
       comprehension  and  discourse  comprehension  –  accessing  –  production  –  applied 
       psycholinguistics: language disorder and brain, Aphasia and its classification – Disorders of 
       written words: Dyslexia and dysgraphia. 
        
        
        
        
        
                    UNIT – I TRANSLATION 
        
       The word translation is derived from Latin word translatus: Trans - across; latus - carried. 
       Literally,  then,  translation  is  a  matter  of  carrying  across  something  from  one  state  into 
       another.  According to Bell (1992) there are three uses of the term (1) translation as the 
       process, (2) the product of the process, and (3) the abstract concept which is related to the 
       process and product.  
       Translation  is  defined  as  a  process  of  finding  a  target  language  equivalent  for  a  source 
       language text. Equivalence is sometimes defined in terms of not only the content but also of 
       the function of the linguistic elements used in the source language. Creating equivalence for 
       source language items involves the transference of the content of the source language text to 
       the target language in a manner that is acceptable to the conventions of the target language. 
       The identification of equivalence must be achieved in such a way that ambiguity, interference 
       and variation in meaning are all avoided. Translation should aim at seeking the conceptual 
       equivalents in between two languages. It should define conceptual equivalents accurately and 
       render them in the linguistic terms of the target language. Many technical and scientific 
       terminologies came into Tamil from the English language i.e. English functions as the major 
       source language and Tamil as the target language. 
        
       Need and Scope 
       The importance of translation for the present day cannot be overstated. As an instrument of 
       cross-cultured and interlingual contacts and of inter-communication for different people it is 
       perhaps the most practicable means available to all. From Roman times to the present, every 
       aspect of its culture, literature, administration, trade, religion and science has been deeply 
       influenced by translators (Kelley, 1995). 
       This is largely true of the whole world today. Quick and efficient translation has become a 
       must  for  information  transfer  demanded  by  an  explosion  of  knowledge  in  a  number  of 
       disciplines  and  by  the  escalation  in  the  gathering  and  dissemination  of  volumes  of 
       information, for instance, pouring into countless news rooms around the world. 
       Translation  has  played  a  part  in  the  cultural  exchange  between  invaders  and  the  subject 
       people. It has brought subject people in contact with the culture and literature of the invaders. 
       In reverse it has provided the invaders with glimpses of greatness abiding in the classics of 
       their subjects. Translation smacks of a colonial hangover to some people at least in some 
       part: The intimate links between, for example, translation from non-western languages into 
       English and the colonial hegemony they helped create are seldom examined. 
       Translation has served as a language learning and language teaching device that helps to 
       study two languages in context. It facilitates second or foreign language learning to a great 
       extent. As an exercise it adds to the student’s power and range of expression and develops 
       three qualities essential to learning: accuracy, clarity and flexibility. Translation contributes 
       to  understanding  and  peace  between  language  communities  and  groups.  It  promotes 
       information and technology transfer, particularly to third and fourth world countries. Having 
       got  to  do  with  cultures  it  helps  explain  and  clarify  ethnic  cultures  and  bridge  wherever 
       possible, their differences. Works of art, culture and literature, of religion and philosophy, 
       and of science and technology are made available throughout the world through translation. 
        
       TRANSLATION - DEFINITION 
       Translation is a uni-directional process involving the conversion of source language material 
       into a target language material. Translation is defined as the replacement of textual material 
       in  one  language  (SL)  by  equivalent  textual  material  in  another  language  (TL)  (Catdford, 
       1965). 
       Translation  is  evaluated  as  good  if  the  degree  to  which  receptors  of  the  message  in  the 
       receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptor in the source. 
       This response can never be identical, for the cultural and historical settings are too different, 
       but there should be a high degree of equivalence of response, or the translation will have 
       failed to accomplish its purpose (Nida, 1974). 
       Translation may be defined as a ‘process of finding a target language equivalent for a source 
       language material’. 
       For understanding translation Pinchuk (1977) states it is important for the translator to study 
       it  as  the  whole  before  beginning to translate it. Translation  can be undertaken only after 
       obtaining a picture of the whole passage which the translator can break into parts depending 
       upon the nature of the text, its length and its difficulties. 
       Translation is an act of presenting a text in a language other than the one in which it was 
       originally written, in order to convey the meaning of the original text.