Trauma-Informed Care and 
                  Trauma-Specific Services: 
                  A Comprehensive Approach to 
                  Trauma Intervention 
                  Carmela J. DeCandia, Psy.D., Kathleen Guarino, 
                  L.M.H.C.; and Rose Clervil, M.S.W. 
                     
      OCTOBER 2014 
             
                    
                   Trauma-Informed Care and 
                   Trauma-Specific Services: 
                   A Comprehensive Approach to Trauma 
                   Intervention 
                   October 2014 
                   Carmela J. DeCandia, Psy.D., Kathleen Guarino, L.M.H.C.;  
                   and Rose Clervil, M.S.W. 
                                            
                    
                    
                   1000 Thomas Jefferson Street NW 
                   Washington, DC 20007-3835 
                   202.403.5000 | TTY 877.334.3499 
                   www.air.org 
                   Copyright © 2014 American Institutes for Research. All rights reserved. 
                                                                                         
                  Contents 
                                                                                                                                 Page 
                  Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1 
                  Prevalence and Impact of Traumatic Stress .....................................................................................2 
                  Trauma-Specific vs. Trauma-Informed ...........................................................................................4 
                     Trauma-Specific Services ............................................................................................................4 
                     Trauma-Informed Care ................................................................................................................7 
                  Trauma-Informed Care and Trauma-Specific Services: Why Both Are Needed ..........................10 
                  Trauma Intervention Across Service Systems ...............................................................................12 
                     Behavioral Health and Health Care ...........................................................................................12 
                     Veterans’ Administration (VA) .................................................................................................12 
                     Justice .........................................................................................................................................12 
                     Juvenile Justice ..........................................................................................................................12 
                     Child Welfare .............................................................................................................................13 
                     Education ...................................................................................................................................13 
                     Homeless Services .....................................................................................................................14 
                  Next Steps for the Field .................................................................................................................16 
                  Conclusion .....................................................................................................................................18 
                  References ......................................................................................................................................19 
                   
                  American Institutes for Research                           Trauma-Informed Care and Trauma-Specific Services—ii