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ISSN: 2230-9926 International Journal of Development Research
Vol. 07, Issue, 11, pp.17267-17273, November, 2017
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
VANCOUVER REFERENCING STYLE: THE IMPORTANCE IN SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS
1 2 2 2
Dr. Vashisht, B. M., Dr. Vikram, A., Dr. Himanshu Bhardwaj and Dr. Anvesha
1
2Professor, Deptt. of Community Medicine, PGIMS, Rohtak
Residents, Deptt. of Community Medicine, PGIMS, Rohtak
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article History: Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information & ideas used in
st assignments/research work which allows the sources to be identified. Accurate and adequate referencing will
Received 21 August 2017 help in avoiding accusations of plagiarism. Referencing also enables the reader to find the sources of research
Received in revised form work and helps them in understanding the cited author’s work. This paper covers the essentials of referencing
th
19 September, 2017 and elaborates the Vancouver system, also known as the author–number system, which is a citation style that
th
Accepted 26 October, 2017 uses numbers within the text that refer to numbered entries in the reference list.
th
Published online 30 November, 2017
Key Words:
Vancouver style,
Referencing.
Copyright ©2017, Dr. Vashisht.This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Citation: Dr. Vashisht, B. M., Dr. Vikram, A., Dr. Himanshu Bhardwaj and Dr. Anvesha. 2017. “Vancouver referencing style: the importance in
scientific publications”, International Journal of Development Research, 7, (11), 17267-17273.
INTRODUCTION Exact words (written or spoken)
Summarised or paraphrased text
Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the Data
sources of information & ideas used in assignments/research Images (graphs, tables, videos, multimedia etc)
work which allows the sources to be identified Pictures or illustrations
(https://web.library.uq.edu.au/files/26541/VancouverStyleGuid Ideas or concepts
eFinal2014.pdf). Theories
Opinion or analysis etc.,
Importance of referencing
Different styles of referencing
Accurate and adequate referencing will help in avoiding
accusations of plagiarism. Referencing also enables the reader There are different types of referencing styles that can be used
to find the sources of research work and helps them in in research work: a footnote style, a numbered style or an
understanding the cited author’s work. It helps the researcher author-date style.
to use the sources for future research works
(https://www.kent.ac.uk/ai/students/whatisreferencing.html). Footnote Style
Readers are assured that it is an evidence based work.
Reference information is kept in footnotes and not placed in
Material to be acknowledged (https://www.kent.ac.uk/ the body of the text. Depending on the style, a bibliography or
ai/students/whatisreferencing.html) reference list is included. This style includes Modern
The material which are commonly used in the research work Humanities Research Association (MHRA) style of
and need to be acknowledged includes referencing (https://www.kent.ac.uk/ai/students/
whatisreferencing.html).
*Corresponding author: Dr. Vidhya Lakshmi, S.
Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, PSG institute of Numbered Style: Creates a numerical list of references in the
medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India -641004 list of works cited, based on the order in which the works
17268 Dr. Vashisht et al. Vancouver referencing style: the importance in scientific publications
appear in the text. This style includes Vancouver system The original number assigned to the reference is reused each
(https://www.kent.ac.uk/ai/ students/whatisreferencing.html). time the reference is cited in the text, regardless of its previous
position in the text. When multiple references are cited at a
Author-date Style given place in the text, use a hyphen to join the first and last
numbers that are inclusive. Use commas (without spaces) to
References are placed in the text not in footnotes and there is separate non-inclusive numbers in a multiple citation e.g.
an alphabetical list of references (by author name) in the list of 2,3,4,5,7,10 2-5,7,10
works cited at the end of the work. This style includes is abbreviated to . Do not use a hyphen if there
are no citation numbers in between that support your statement
American Psychological Association (APA) and Harvard 1-2 1,2
styles (https://www.kent.ac.uk/ai/students/whatis e.g. . Use instead The placement of citation numbers
referencing.html). The commonly used styles are Harvard style within text should be carefully considered e.g. a particular
and Vancouver style. reference may be relevant to only part of a sentence. As a
general rule, reference numbers should be placed outside full
Vancouver style stops and commas and inside colons and semicolons, however,
this may vary according to the requirements of a particular
The Vancouver system, also known as Vancouver reference journal.
style or the author–number system, is a citation style that uses
numbers within the text that refer to numbered entries in the Examples
reference list. Vancouver style is used
by MEDLINE and PubMed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ There have been efforts to replace mouse inoculation testing
with in-vitro tests, such as enzyme linked immunosorbent
Vancouver_system). In 1978, a committee of Editors from 57,60 20-22
various medical Journals -The International Committee of assays or polymerase chain reaction but these remain
Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) met in Vancouver, BC, experimental.
Canada to agree to a unified set of requirements for the articles
of such journals. This led to establishment of Uniform Citing a specific page
requirement for manuscripts submitted to Biomedical Journals 1(p23),9
(URMs). A part of the URMs was reference style and the Example: Patients showed no signs of hypertension.
ICMJE selected long established author no. style 2(pp3,6)
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_system). More than one page cited: e.g., Wallace reported no
sign of...
Steps in referencing (https://web.library.uq.edu.au/files/ (10 pp23-7)
Park states that…..
26541/VancouverStyleGuideFinal2014.pdf)
Reference list and Bibliography
Record the full details and relevant page numbers of the
source from which information is taken. Reference List Bibliography
Punctuation marks and spaces in the reference list and Contains details only of A bibliography lists sources not
citations are very important. Follow the punctuation and those works cited in the cited in the text but are relevant to
spacing exactly. text of the document. the subject and used for background
Insert the citation at the appropriate place in the text of (eg. book, journal article, reading.
your document. pamphlet, internet site,
cassette tape or film).
Include a reference list that includes all in-text citations The details must be
at the end of your document. sufficient for others to
locate and consult the
In text citation references.
It should appear at the It is a separate list from the
end of the work & be reference list and should be
The process of recognising the contribution of a specific listed numerically in the arranged alphabetically by author or
individual or organisation as the acknowledged source of a order they have been title (where no author is given) in
particular view, argument or decision within the text of the cited in the text the Vancouver style.
assignment is often referred to as the ‘in-text citation’
(https://web.library.uq.edu.au/files/26541/VancouverStyleGuid Sources of Information
eFinal2014.pdf). In the Vancouver Style, citations within the
text of the paper are identified by Arabic numbers in round In writing a scientific article, thesis or book, the information is
brackets (1) or Arabic numbers in superscript gathered from various sources. The commonest sources are:
(https://www.kent.ac.uk/ai/students/whatisreferencing.html).
This applies to references in text, tables and figures. The Books (Printed & e-book, Dictionary)
identification of references within the text of the paper may Journals (Printed & Online)
vary according to the preferred style of the journal or the Newspapers (Printed & Online)
preferred style of the department or teacher. For example Government Documents (Reports and Acts of
superscript may be preferred when referencing. e g. Gupta et al Parliament)
le (https://www.kent.ac.uk/ai/students/whatisreferencing.html). Conference Proceedings and Papers
The Vancouver System assigns a number to each reference as Scientific Reports
it is cited. A number must be used even if the author(s) is Thesis
10 Online resources – webpages and images.
named in the sentence/text. e.g. Gupta has argued that...
17269 International Journal of Development Research, Vol. 07, Issue, 11, pp.17267-17273, November, 2017
Referencing different type of materials Example:
4
I. Books Editors Surname Initial - Wallace RB, Kohatsu N,
Brownson R, Schecter AJ, Scutchfield D, Zaza S,
Book by a single author editors.
Title of the book – Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public health
Elements of citation: Author’s Surname Initial. Title of the and Preventive Medicine.
book. Edition if later than 1st. Place of publication: Publisher th
Name;Year of publication. Edition – 15 ed.
Place of publication – New York:
Example: Publisher – The McGraw Hill Medical;
Year – 2008.
Author’s Surname Initial – Park. K
Title of the book – Park’s Textbook of PREVENTIVE Wallace RB, Kohatsu N, Brownson R, Schecter AJ,
AND SOCIAL MEDICINE. Scutchfield D, Zaza S, editors. Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public
Edition – 23rd edition. health and Preventive Medicine.15th ed. New York:The
Place of publication – Jabalpur: McGraw Hill Medical;2008.
Publisher name – M/s Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers;
Year of publication – 2015. Chapter in an edited book
Park K. Park’s textbook of PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL Elements of citation
MEDICINE. 23rd ed. Jabalpur:M/s Banarsidas Bhanot
Publishers;2015. Author’s Surname Initial. Title of chapter. In: Editors Surname
Initial, editor. Title of the book. Edition if later than 1st. Place
Book by two authors of publication: Publisher Name; Year of publication. p.
numbers.
Elements of citation: Author’s Surname Initial, Author’s
Surname Initial. Title of the book. Edition if later than 1st. Example
Place of publication: Publisher Name; Year of publication.
Author’s Surname Initial – Ross DA, Hinman AR.
Example: Title of chapter – Public Health Informatics.
In:
Author’s Surname Initial, Author’s Surname Initial – Editors Surname Initial - Wallace RB, Kohatsu N,
Thirunavalli BR, Chadalawada UR Brownson R, Schecter AJ, Scutchfield D, Zaza S.
Title of the book – TEXTBOOK OF COMMUNITY Title of book - Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public health and
MEDICINE. Preventive Medicine.
Edition – 3rd edition. th
Place of publication – New Delhi: Edition – 15 ed.
Publisher name – Paras Medical Publisher; Place of publication – New York:
Year of publication – 2015. Publisher – The McGraw Hill Medical;
Year – 2008.
Thirunavalli BR, Chadalawada UR. Texbook of Community
Medicine. 3rd ed. New Delhi:Paras Medical Publisher;2015. Ross DA, Hinman AR. Public Health Informatics. In: Wallace
RB, Kohatsu N, Brownson R, Schecter AJ, Scutchfield D,
Book by Corporate author (e.g. a government department Zaza S, editors. Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public health and
or organisation) th
Preventive Medicine.15 ed. New York:The McGraw Hill
Elements of citation: Name of corporate author. Title of Medical;2008.
book. Place of publication: Publisher Name; Year of
publication. E-book from a website
Elements of citation: Author’s Surname Initial. Title of book
Example: [Internet]. Edition if later than 1st. Place of publication:
Publisher Name; Year of publication [cited year month day].
• Name of corporate author – World Health Organization. Available from: URL.
• Title of the book – Public health impacts of pesticides
used in agriculture. Example
• Place of publication – Geneva:
• Publisher name – World Health Organization; Editors Surname Initial – Tse H, Lip GY, Coats AJ,
• Year of publication - 1990. editors.
Title of the book – Oxford desk reference: cardiology.
World Health Organization. Public health impacts of pesticides Source – [Internet]
used in agriculture. Geneva: World Health Organization;1990
Place of publication – Oxford:
Edited book Publisher Name – Oxford University Press;
Year of publication – 2011
Elements of citation: Editors Surname Initial(s), editor. Title Cited year month day - [cited 2017 Sep 14].
of book/dictionary/encyclopaedia etc. Edition if later than 1st. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/
Place of publication: Publisher Name; Year of publication. 9780199568093.001.0001.
17270 Dr. Vashisht et al. Vancouver referencing style: the importance in scientific publications
Tse H, Lip GY, Coats AJ, editors. Oxford desk reference: [cited year month day] - [cited 2017 Sep 11].
cardiology [Internet]. Oxford:Oxford University Press;2011 Available from: http://www.stedmans.com
[cited 2015 Jun 15]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/
10.1093/med/9780199568093.001.0001. Stedman’s medical dictionary. [Internet]. 26th ed. Baltimore:
Williams & Wilkins; 1995. Apraxia; p.119 -20. [cited 2017
E-book on CD / DVD / mobile device Sep 11]. Available from: http://www.stedmans.com
Elements of citation Journals
Author’s Surname Initial: Title of book [CD-ROM/DVD or Titles of journals should be abbreviated according to the
other relevant software or device information]. Edition if later standard format. These can be found at the National Library of
than 1st. Place of publication: Publisher Name; Year of Medicine’s PubMed website, using the Journals database
publication. feature: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/journals
Example Article in a printed journal
Author’s Surname Initial – Dalley AF, Moore KL. Elements of citation: Author’s Surname Initial. Title of
Title of the book – Clinically Orienated Anatomy: AND journal article. Abbreviated journal title. Year; volume number
Dynamic Human Anatomy Student Version 1.0 (issue number if there is one): page numbers.
[CD-ROM].
Place of publication - Philadelphia: Example
Publisher Name - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;
Year of publication - 2004. Author’s Surname Initial – Vora RV, Patel BB,
Chaudhary AH, Mehta MJ, Pilani AP.
Dalley AF, Moore KL. Clinically Orienated Anatomy: AND Title of journal article – A Clinical Study of Vitiligo in
Dynamic Human Anatomy Student Version 1.0 [CD-ROM]. a Rural Set Up of Gujarat.
Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004. Abbreviated journal title – Indian J Community Med.
Year – 2014;
Dictionary (Printed) volume number (issue number if there is one) – 39(3):
Page numbers – 143-146.
Elements of citation: Title of the dictionary. Edition if later
st
than 1 . Place of publication:Publisher name; Year of Vora RV, Patel BB, Chaudhary AH, Mehta MJ, Pilani AP. A
publication. Defined word; page numbers. Clinical Study of Vitiligo in a Rural Set Up of Gujarat. Indian
J Community Med. 2014; 39(3):143-6.
Example:
Article in an e-journal
Title of the dictionary - Stedman’s medical dictionary.
Elements of citation: Author’s Surname Initial. Title of
Edition - 26th ed. article. Abbreviated journal title [Internet]. Year [cited year
Place of publication - Baltimore: month day]; volume number (issue number if there is one):
Publisher name - Williams & Wilkins; page numbers. Available from: URL, or other electronic
Year of publication - 1995. address for the article (for example, a DOI).
Defined word - Apraxia;
Page numbers - 119-20. Example:
th Author’s Surname Initial – Sahu KS, Bharati B.
Stedman’s medical dictionary. 26 ed. Baltimore:Williams &
Wilkins;1995. Apraxia;p.119-20. Title of the article – Out-of-Pocket health expenditure
and sources of financing for delivery, postpartum, and
Dictionary (Online)1 neonatal health in urban slums of Bhubaneswar,
Odisha, India.
Elements of citation: Title of the dictionary. [Internet]. Abbreviated journal title [Internet] – Indian J Public
st
Edition if later than 1 . Place of publication:Publisher Health [Internet].
Name;Year of publication. Defined word; page numbers. Year [cited year month day] – 2017 [cited 2017 Sep
[cited year month day]. Available from: URL. 13];
volume number (issue number if there is one) – 61(2):
Example: page numbers – 67-73.
Available from: http://www.ijph.in/temp/
Title of the dictionary - Stedman’s medical dictionary. IndianJPublicHealth61267-5141713_141657.pdf
[Internet].
Edition - 26th ed. Sahu KS, Bharati B. Out-of-Pocket health expenditure and
Place of publication - Baltimore: sources of financing for delivery, postpartum, and neonatal
Publiaher name - Williams & Wilkins; health in urban slums of Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Indian J
Year of publication - 1995. Public Health [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2017 Sep 13];61(2):67-
Defined word - Apraxia; 73. Available from: http://www.ijph.in/temp/
Page numbers - 119 -20.
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