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IAS FOUNDATION
Contents
UNIT - I: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ......................01-246
1.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO .........02-10 y World Industries ...................................48
ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY y Factors affecting the world ..................48
y Introduction .........................................02 industries location
y Branches of Economic Geography .........02 1.6 INDIA: LAND RESOURCES .....64-89
y New Economic Geography ....................02 & AGRICULTURE
y Basics of Economic Geography.............03 y Important Facts about Indian ...............64
y Primary Activities .................................03 Agriculture
y Land Utilization ....................................65
y Secondary Activities ............................05 y Green Revolution ..................................66
y Tertiary and Quaternary Activities .........08 y Salient Features of Indian Agriculture....72
1.2 WORLD AGRICULTURE ...........11-20 y Types of Farming ................................73
y Introduction .........................................11 y Cropping Pattern ..................................73
y Classifi cation .......................................11 y Problems of Indian Agriculture .............84
1.3 TRANSPORT .......................21-34 y Miscellaneous .....................................85
& COMMUNICATION 1.7 MINERAL RESOURCES ......... 91-115
y Importance of Transport development ..21 y Introduction .........................................91
y Transport Patterns in the World ............21 y Ores ....................................................91
y Railways ..............................................22 y Origin of Mineral Deposits ....................91
y Oceanic Transport ................................27 y Extraction of Minerals ..........................92
y Inland Waterways .................................30 y Types of Minerals ................................93
y Air Transport .......................................32 y Mineralised Regions .............................94
y Pipeline Transport ................................33 y Metallic Minerals .................................95
y Mineral Resources: India ....................101
1.4 TRADE PATTERN ..................35-47 y Non-Metallic Minerals ........................109
y Introduction .........................................35 1.8 ENERGY RESOURCES .........116-145
y History of International Trade ..............35 y Introduction .......................................116
y Basis of International Trade .................35 y Types of Energy Resources .................116
y Gateways of International Trade ...........36 y Petroleum ..........................................118
y World Trade Pattern .............................37 y Natural Gas .......................................119
y Major Trading Blocks ...........................46 y Coal ..................................................120
1.5 INDUSTRIAL REGIONS ..........48-63 y Energy Resources: India .....................122
OF THE WORLD y Coal ..................................................122
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GEOGRAPHY
y Petroleum & Natural Gas ....................124 1.11 LIVESTOCK RESOURCES .....169-178
y Natural Gas .......................................132 y Livestock ...........................................169
y Electricity ..........................................137 y Cattle ................................................171
1.9 WATER RESOURCES ...........146-163 y Livestock Products ............................177
y Introduction .......................................146 1.12 MARINE RESOURCES .........179-203
y World Water Resources ......................146 y Maritime Zones ..................................179
y Extent of Water Resources .................149 y Resources: Extent, Distribution ..........180
y Water demand and use .......................149 and Utilisation
y Water Availability ...............................150 y Types of Marine Resources ................180
y Uses of Fresh Water ...........................150 y Marine Deposits .................................181
y Problems related to fresh water ..........151 y Marine Energy Resources ...................183
y India’s Water Resources .....................151 y Fish Production in India ......................185
y Inter-state River Water Disputes ..........153 y Benthos Resources ............................188
in India y Chief routes of entry of marine ..........189
y National Water Policy (2012) ..............154 pollutants
y Industrial Regions of India ................189
y Jal Shakti Abhiyan .............................154 y Metallurgical Industries .....................195
y Jal Jeevan Mission ............................155 y Engineering Industries ........................198
y Interstate River Water Disputes ..........155 1.13 TRADE & COMMERCE ..........204-209
(Amendment) Bill 2019
y Composite Water Management Index ..155 IN INDIA
y The Dam Safety Bill, 2019 ...................155 y Trends in Foreign Trade of India ..........204
y Multipurpose River-Valley Projects .....156 y Foreign Trade .....................................204
in India y Composition of Export-Trade of India ..205
y Ganga-Cauvery River Link ...................161 y Composition of Import-Trade of India ..206
y National Water Grid ............................162 y Direction of India’s Foreign Trade ........208
1.10 FOREST RESOURCES ..........164-168 1.14 INDIA: TRANSPORT ...........210-246
y What is Forest? ..................................164 y Railways ............................................210
y Extent of Forest Cover ........................164 y Dedicated Freight Corridor Project .....214
y Types of Forestry Practices ................165 y Roadways ..........................................216
y Forest Resources in India ...................167 y Air Transport .....................................221
y India State of Forest Report (ISFR) ......168 y Water Transport .................................223
2019 y MISCELLANEOUS ...............................228
UNIT - II: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY .........................247-327
2.1 Human Geography of World ...238-255 y Density of Population .........................241
y Determinism & Possibilism .................238 y Factors Infl uencing the Distribution .....242
y Population .........................................239 of Population
y Patterns of Population Distribution ....240 y Components of Population Change .....243
in the World y Population Growth .............................243
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y Demographic Theories .......................245 y Languages of India ............................286
y Population Resource Balance .............248 y Socio-Economic Caste Census, 2011 ..287
y Population Composition .....................248 y Miscellaneous ...................................288
y Population Problems ..........................252 2.3 MIGRATION ......................291-299
y Major Tribes of the World ...................252 y Introduction .......................................291
y State of World Population 2020 ..........253 y Factors that infl uence migration .........291
2.2 INDIAN DEMOGRAPHY .......256-290 y Effects of Migration ...........................292
y Introduction .......................................256 y Migration occurs at a variety of scales 292
y Census 2011......................................256 y Types of Migration .............................293
y Population Size & Geographic ............257 y Forms of Migration ............................293
Distribution y Measuring Migration ..........................293
y Rate of Population Growth ..................258 y World Migration Report 2020 ..............294
y Demographic Dividend .......................259 y India’s Internal Migration ....................296
y Demographic Dividend in India ............260 y MISCELLANEOUS ...............................298
y Literacy .............................................262 2.4 HUMAN SETTLEMENT ........300-311
y Sex Ratio ...........................................262 y Introduction .......................................300
y Child Sex Ratio ..................................264 y Rural Settlements...............................302
y Rural – Urban Composition .................265 y Urban Settlements .............................304
y Composition of Working Population ....265 y MISCELLANEOUS ...............................310
y Fertility ..............................................266 2.5 HUMAN RESOURCE ...........312-316
y Life Expectancy .................................266 & DEVELOPMENT
y State of World Population 2020 ..........267 y Introduction .......................................312
y Demographic Issues in India ...............268 y The Four Pillars of Human .................312
y Family Planning and Population .........276 Development
Policy in India y Approaches to Human Development ...313
y Ethnic Groups in India ........................281 y Measurement of Human Development 313
y Tribes in India ....................................281 y Glossary of demographic terms ..........316
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