Arbeitsgemeinschaft
  für Wirkstoffe in der
  Tierernährung e.V.
  (Hrsg.)
                Amino acids in
               animal nutrition
                      Responsible for the content
                   Dr. J. Häffner, Aventis Animal  Nutrition
                   Dr. D. Kahrs, Lohmann Animal Health
                     Dr. J. Limper, Degussa-Hüls AG
                        J. de Mol, Novus
                       Dr. M. Peisker, ADM
                       Dr. P. Williams, Anitox
         Editor:
                            Scope and objective of the association
         Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Wirkstoffe
                              Safeguard  member  interests  and  act  as  their 
         in der Tierernährung e.V. (AWT)
                              representative  in  dealing  nationally  with  
         Contact: Dr. E. Süphke
                              authorities,  government  departments,  legisla-
         Roonstr. 5
                              tive  bodies,  professional  organisations  and 
         D-53175 Bonn
                              other institutions
         Tel. + 49 228/ 35 24 00
         Fax + 49 228/ 36 13 97
                              Representation  of  German  interests  in  additi-
                              ves  internationally.
         AWT Trade Association
         AWT is a German trade association with an interna-
                              Co-operate  to  harmonise  applications  for  the  
         tional presence representing the professional, 
                              approval  of  feed  additives
         scientific technical and trade interests of leading 
         manufacturers and processors of additives used in 
                              Brief  and  advise  members  on  all  professional 
         animal nutrition.
                              matters,  particularly  with  respect  to  current 
                              legislation. 
                              Provide  information  for  the  general  public  on 
                              the  use,  safety  and  quality  of  feed  additives  in 
                              animal  nutrition.
                        ISBN 3-86037-126-6
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         Contents
         1. Introduction.................................5
         2. Protein and amino acids..........................8
         2.1       The nutrient protein...........................8
         2.1.1     Significance and composition......................8
         2.1.2 Classification...............................9
         2.1.3 Determination..............................10
         2.1.4     Digestion and absorption........................11
         2.1.5     Metabolism and protein synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
         2.1.6     The quality of protein..........................12
         2.2 Amino acids..............................16
         2.2.1 Chemical structure...........................16
         2.2.2     Classification of amino acids......................17
         2.2.3     Essential amino acids..........................18
         2.2.4     Limiting amino acids and ideal protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
         2.3       Amino acid availability.........................23
         2.3.1 Fundamental considerations......................23
         2.3.2 Influential factors............................25
         2.3.3     Limitation of the evaluation systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
         2.4 Analysis.................................28
         2.5       Amino acid concentrations in feedstuffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
         3. Amino acid requirements.........................36
         3.1 Broiler fattening.............................36
         3.2       Laying hens (inclusive rearing).....................36
         3.3       Breeding and fattening of turkeys....................39
         3.4 Water fowl...............................39
         3.5       Pig production and fattening......................40