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Journal of Educational Research, Dept. of Education, IUB, Pakistan (Vol. 20 No. 2) 2017
Testing Maxwell’s Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire: Appraising
Executives Leadership Level in Educational Context
*
Ayaz Muhammad Khan
**
Amna Ramzan
***
Rabia Ghafaar
Abstract
The core purpose of the existing paper was to measure the validity and
reliability of Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire developed by J.C.
Maxwell in Pakistan particularly in educational context. Leadership Level
Assessment Questionnaire was designed to assess the executives’ leadership
level familiarized by Maxwell. This was a quantitative research and survey
method was used for collecting data from the top and middle-level leaders.
Through multistage sampling technique, 580 subordinates were selected to
participate in this study. Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire was
partially used as an instrument of the study. The results exposed that the
Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire has good internal consistency
(alpha=0.95), discriminant (AVE=0.89) convergent (SMC=0.94) and
construct (PCA=0.67) validity in the Educational context in Pakistan.
However, there was a dire need to test the Leadership Level Assessment
Questionnaire fully in educational or other perspectives of leadership.
Keywords: Position, Permission, Production, People development, Pinnacle
Introduction
Johan C. Maxwell is an American leadership expert, and in May 2014, he was
professed world No. 1 Leadership and Management expert by Inc. magazine. Maxwell
is an author in the field of leadership and management also known as professional speaker
st
and pastor. He is a well-reputed leadership expert of the 21 century and got the title of
best seller list to New York Times by selling his millions of copies of his literature.
Maxwell has currently developed the leadership skills in their learning students at
“Equip” about 6 million leaders (including the CEO of world best companies) from 196
countries. Chiefly he defines leadership as “influence” and this influence consisted of
five levels which were called five levels of Maxwell’s leadership.
The current paper was an empirical support to the assumption how the five levels
effectively play their role in sustaining organizational change (Ultimate test of
* Associate Professor of Education, University of Education Lower Mall Campus Lahore
Email: ayaz@ue.edu.pk (Corresponding Author)
** PhD. Scholar; University of Education Lower Mall Campus Lahore
*** PhD Scholar University of Education Lower Mall Campus Lahore
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Journal of Educational Research, Dept. of Education, IUB, Pakistan (Vol. 20 No. 2) 2017
leadership) in public and private companies. The figure No. 1 depicts the parts of
Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire”
Team Member's Point of View
Individual Team Member's
Assessment; Leader's Point of View
Team Member's Point of View
Current Leadership Level
Assessment
Maxwell throughout his work defines leadership as influence and these levels are
the degree of influence which he concedes that every leader has to come to some extents.
The literature (Maxwell, 1993; Maxwell, 1997; Maxwell, 2001, 2002a, 2002b; Maxwell,
2004; Maxwell, 2007a, 2007b, 2008, 2010a, 2010b, 2011a, 2011b; J.C. Maxwell, 2012;
John C Maxwell, 2012a, 2012b; Maxwell, 2013a, 2013b; Maxwell, 2014a, 2014b, 2016;
Maxwell & Dornan, 1997, 2013; Maxwell & Parrott, 2005) regarding Maxwell’s five
levels of leadership also confessed that these levels may be enhance or controlled by
certain factors.
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Journal of Educational Research, Dept. of Education, IUB, Pakistan (Vol. 20 No. 2) 2017
This study adapted the Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire (LLAQ)
Questionnaire (depicted at the end section of this paper). This instrument was developed,
tested and validated by J C Maxwell (2011). The purpose of the Leadership Level
Assessment Questionnaire (LLAQ) was to evaluate the level of leadership. The
Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire was slightly modified to fit the Lahore
context. All factors were identical to the original Leadership Level Assessment
Questionnaire excluding for two. Maxwell identified a 4 Parts Questionnaire that was
st
used to measure the level of leadership. 1 two parts of the Leadership Level Assessment
rd part
Questionnaire filled by the leaders by themselves and the 3 rated by the subordinates
to rank their leader’s level prescribed by J.C Maxwell. This factor was judged as suitable
for the current testimonial of the problem. Additionally, an exploitation change was
added:” Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire” converted into the six-point Likert
scale and demographics section was added to the instrument to represent information of
the respondents. Universities are considered a hub of leadership development (Anwar,
Yousuf, & Sarwar, 2011) and this sector is producing workforce including leaders for
national and multinational companies of Pakistan. There is a scarcity of literature on
Maxwell’s leadership levels because it is a current concept in the field of leadership and
management. According to our best knowledge, there is no empirical support or evidence
related to Maxwell’s Leadership Level assessment questionnaire. Researchers use this
questionnaire in another study and for stronger empirical evidence design this study. This
study also contributes the educational leaders in appraising their current level of
leadership. The educational leaders may also increase their level by identifying these five-
level assessed through this study. Keeping in consideration above deal of literature this
study was conducted.
Purpose of the Study
The objectives of the paper were to:
1. Test the validity and reliability of Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire
in an educational context.
2. Investigate the segment-wise association of the factors of Leadership Level
Assessment Questionnaire in an educational context:
I. Position
II. Permission
III. Production
IV. People Development
V. Pinnacle
Research Questions
On the basis of above-stated objectives of the paper following research questions
were framed:
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Journal of Educational Research, Dept. of Education, IUB, Pakistan (Vol. 20 No. 2) 2017
1. What is the validity of Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire when it was
conducted with the leadership of university level?
2. What is the factorial validity of Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire
when it was conducted with the leadership of university level?
Methodology
This was a quantitative study Cross-sectional survey design was used with the
non-contrived setting. All the public and private universities of Lahore District were
constituted as the population of the study.
Population/Sample
Through multistage sample, technique sample was selected from the three public
and three private universities of Lahore district. At first stage, the universities were
clustered on the three criteria’s 1. It must hold Education Department: 2. The University
th
has Regular teaching faculty and 3. The university was included in the 5 ranking list
issued by HEC (Higher Education Commission) Islamabad in 2016. There public and
three private universities were nominated under these conditions. At the second stage, the
whole list of leaders and subordinates were counted using simple random sampling
calculator and 580 subordinates were selected as sample of the study. The adapted
questionable “Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire” was circulated and responses
were coded into SPSS-21 for further analysis.
Table 1
Sample for the Present Study
Universities Located in Lahore Department/s
University of Education, Lahore Division of Edu. & LMC, BRC,
c University of the Punjab, Lahore TC
PubliLahore College for Women University, Lahore Institute of Education & Research
Institute of Education
e University of Management &Technology, Arts & Social sciences
t Lahore Arts & Social sciences
va University of Lahore, Lahore Education
Pri Beacon house National University, Lahore
Sources: HEC Website: www.hec.gov.pk
Instrumentation
The LLAQ was used as a research tool to collect the data from selected teacher
to encamp the validity and reliability of Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire. The
unabridged questionnaire consisted of four parts (depicted in figure No.1) but in this
study Leadership Level Assessment Questionnaire partially (Team Member’s Point of
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