SINERGI, Volume 7, Nomor 2 MARET 2017 
           THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP 
                                                                     
                                                    Moh. Barid Nizarudin Wajdi 
                                                       STAI MIftahul Ula Nganjuk 
                                                      E-mail: baridnizar84@gmail.com 
                                                                     
                           (Diterima: 10-Desember-2016; direvisi: 12-Januari-2017; dipublikasikan: 01-Maret-2017) 
           
           
          Abstract. There are a differences between management and leadership. The aim of this review is to determine the differences 
          between management and leadership. The result of this review showed that management and leadership are two very distinct 
          functions. Although, management and leadership do share many similar duties which consist of working with people and 
          influencing others to achieve goals. Management skills are used to plan, build, and direct organizational systems to accomplish 
          missions and goals, while leadership skills are used to focus on a potential change by establishing direction, aligning people, 
          and motivating and inspiring. Leadership and management must go hand in hand. They are not the same thing. But they are 
          necessarily linked, and complementary. Any effort to separate the two is likely to cause more problems than it solves. 
           
          Keywords: The differences, leadership, management 
           
           
                   Introduction                                       without    having  any  management  positions. 
              Management and leadership are important for             Therefore, there is a continuing controversy about 
          the  delivery  of  good  services.  Although  the two       the  difference  between  leaders  and  managers. 
          are  similar  in  some  respects,  they  may  involve       Some scholars  argue  that  although  management 
          different  types  of  outlook,  skills,  and  behavior.     and leadership overlap, the two activities are not 
          Good  managers should strive to be  good  leaders           synonymous  (Bass,  2010).  Furthermore,  the 
          and  good  leaders,  need  management skills  to be         degree of overlap is a point of disagreement (Yukl, 
          effective.                                                  1989).  In  fact,  some  individual  see  them  as 
              Leaders  will  have  a  vision  of  what  can  be       extreme  opposites,  and  they  believe  that  good 
          achieved and then communicate this to others and            leader cannot be a good manager and the opposite 
          evolve  strategies  for  realizing  the  vision.  They      is true (Ricketts, 2009). 
          motivate  people  and  are  able  to  negotiate  for            Leadership  and  management  entail  a  unique 
          resources and other support to achieve their goals.         set  of  activities  or  functions.  While  leaders  and 
              Managers  ensure  that the available resources          managers  share  some  similarities  because  they 
          are well organized and applied to produce the best          both influence others by using specific powers to 
          results.  In  the  resource  constrained  and  difficult    achieve  certain  goals,  there  are  also  some 
          environments  of  many  low  –  to  middle-income           prominent differences (Northouse, 2007). While, 
          countries,  a  manager  must  also  be  a  leader  to       managers  maintain  a  smoothly  functioning 
          achieve optimum results.                                    workplace,  leaders  test  the  current  position  and 
              One may assume that all managers are leaders,           encourage new functions, so they are looking for 
          but that is not correct since some of the managers          long-term goals (Yukl, 1989). In today‘s vigorous  
          do not exercise leadership, and some people lead            workplace,  organizations  need  both  effective 
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         SINERGI, Volume 7, Nomor 2 MARET 2017 
         management, and effective leadership for optimal              thought  that  management  responsibilities  are 
         success (Kotterman, 2006).                                    usually   tasked-oriented,   and    it  involves 
             This review article  will address and compare             developing staff, mentoring persons with high 
         fundamental     definitions   of   leadership    and          potential,  and  resolving  conflicts      while 
         management,  the  specific  types  of  skills  for  the       maintaining ethics and discipline (Katz, 1955). 
         manager  and    the  leader,  and  discuss  the               Kappa  states  that  the  aim  from  a  good 
         similarities  and  differences  between  management           management  is  to  provide  services  to  the 
         and leadership.                                               community  in  an  efficient  and  sustainable 
                                                                       manner  (Kappa,  1991).  Moreover,  Kotter 
         Methodology of Analysis                                       defined the management as a job which takes 
             An extensive literature search was conducted              care   of  planning,  organizing,  budgeting, 
         using the following electronic databases: EBSCO,              coordinating  and  monitoring  activities  for 
         EMBASE and Google Scholar. The search aimed                   group    or   organization     (Kotter,   2001). 
         to identify and locate all previous articles which            Northouse  defined  the  management  as  a 
         discussed the differences between the management              process  by  which  definite  set  objectives  are 
         and leadership. There was no time limitation;                 achieved through the efficient use of resources 
         however the research was limited to  only articles            (Northouse,  2007).  Thus,  Management  in 
         written in English. The title should have                     general  is    a  process  that  is  used  to  achieve 
         ―management‖ and ―leadership‖ terms within it.                organizational goals. 
         The keywords and phrases used in the research                       Certain  conditions  are  important  for 
         include (leadership) and (management), or                     creating good management, including: 
         (differences), or (similarities). Original and peer            -  managers  and  team  members  need  to  be 
         reviewed articles were considered for this review.                selected on merit; 
             The search identified 231,000 articles focusing            -  managers need to earn the respect of their 
         on leadership and  management. A total of 25,700                  staff , patients, and supervisors; 
         articles remained after eliminating those that were            -  managers  need  to  have  the  knowledge, 
         duplicated on Google Scholar and across the three                 skills and understanding of the role, tasks 
         databases.                                                        and purpose of the services they deliver; 
                                                                        -  basic support systems function well; clear 
         B. Review of Literature                                           staff  administration  rules  and  regulations; 
                   Katz    defined   the    management  as                 well planned and timely delivered supplies, 
             exercising direction of a group or organization               equipment and drugs; clear and transparent 
             through     executive,    administrative,    and              fi  nancial processes; and well planned and 
             supervisory  positions  (Katz,    1955).  Katz                monitored activities. 
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          SINERGI, Volume 7, Nomor 2 MARET 2017 
               Managers  focus  on  formal  directing  and                defined effective  leadership as people who serve 
          controlling     of    their    assistants,     resources,       others, while they follow them (Bennis and Nanus, 
          structures, and systems (Kotter, 2001). Managers                1997). Moreover, Peter 
          aim to reach short term goals, avoid any risks, and                  Drucker defined a leader is someone who has 
          establish  standardization  to  improve  efficiency             followers     (Drucker,    1999).     However,  some 
          (Kotterman,  2006).  The  employees  follow  a                  theorists  believe  that  leadership  is  a  form  of  the 
          manager‘s direction in exchange for being paid a                social  influence  processes  (House  and  Aditya, 
          salary,  known  as  a  transactional  style  (Kotter,           1997). Although there are a variety of leadership 
          2001).Research  shows  that  being  an  effective               definitions, the majority of definitions focused on 
          manager  depends  upon  three  special  skill  sets:            two  components  which  are:  the  process  of 
          technical,  human  and  conceptual.  The  technical             influencing  a  group  of  individuals  to  obtain  a 
          skill refers to the proficiency in a specific type of           common goal; and to develop a vision. 
          work.  This  may  include  competencies  within  a                   Leaders focus on motivation, and inspiration 
          specialized field, or the ability to use appropriate            (Kotter,  1990).  Leaders  aim to create passion  to 
          tools  and  techniques.  Human  skill  refers  tothe            follow their vision, to reach long term goals, take 
          ability  to  work  with  people,  which  allow  a               risks to accomplish common goals, and challenge 
          manager  to assist  group  members  to complete a               the current status quo (Bennis and Nanus, 1997). 
          task. Conceptual skill refers to the ability to work                 The  leader  keeps  an  open  eye  on  his 
          with ideas (Katz, 1955). In addition, an effective              followers‘  benefits,  so  people  follow  the  leader 
          manager needs to have specific qualities like: good             voluntarily, and the leader directs the follower by 
          communication;  organizational;  negotiation;  and              using  a  transformational  style  (Bass,  1990). 
          delegation skills (Kappa, 1991).                                Leaders should have some critical qualities such as 
                                                                          integrity;   vision;    toughness;  decisive;  trust; 
          LEADERSHIP                                                      commitment; selflessness, creativity; risk  taking; 
               Leadership  is  a  complex,  multidimensional              toughness;  communication  ability,  and  visibility 
          phenomena (DePree, 1989). It has been defined as:               (Capowski, 1994). Moreover, leaders should have 
          a  behaviour;  a  style;  a  skill;  a  process;  a             charisma; a sense of mission; ability to influence 
          responsibility;  an  experience;  a  function  of               people  in a positive environment; and ability  to 
          management;        a   position    of    authority;    an       solve problems (House, 1977). 
          influencing  relationship;  a  characteristic;  and  an              In  addition,  research  shows  that  being  an 
          ability  (Northouse, 2007). John Maxwell defined                effective leader depends upon common behaviours 
          leadership by  influence (Maxwell, 1998). Kotter                and  characteristics      like:   confidence;  service 
          (1990) stated that ―Leadership is the capacity for              mentality;    good  coaching  skills;         reliability; 
          collective  action  to  vitalize‖.  Robert  Greenleaf           expertise;  responsibility;  good  listening  skills; 
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         SINERGI, Volume 7, Nomor 2 MARET 2017 
         being visionary; realistic; good sense of priorities;          focus on the communication,  motivation, and 
         honesty; willingness to share; strong self esteem;             shared  goals.  In  addition,  Watson  mentioned 
         technical  or  contextual,  and  recognition  (Bennis          that  7S  strategy  which  include;  strategy, 
         and Nanus, 1997).                                              structure,  systems,  shared  values,  skills,  and 
                                                                        style;  is  more effective  for  leaders  comparing 
         MANAGEMENT VS LEADERSHIP                                       to  managers.  In  1985,  Bryman  added  that 
                   Leadership    and management overlap,                leadership   is   about  strategic    motivation. 
             but they are not the same(Kotterman, 2006).                Bennis and  Nannus (1985) briefly describe the 
                   Both leadership and management involve               differences between the leaders and managers 
             influence, working with people, and working                in one sentence: "Leaders do the right things; 
             to  achieve  common  goals(The  Guardian,                  managers do things right." (p. 33).Moreover,  
             2013).However,  the  fields  of  leadership  and           In 1989 Bennis stated that ―To survive in the 
             management              considered           very          twenty-first century,  we are  going  to  need a 
             different(Kotterman,  2006).  Katz  asserts  that          new generation of leaders  
             leadership  is  a  multi-directional  influence                  Both leadership and management involve 
             relation, while management is a unidirectional             influence, working with people, and working 
             authority relationship (Katz, 1955).                       to  achieve  common  goals(The  Guardian, 
                   In  1977,  Abraham  Zaleznik  wrote  the             2013).However,  the  fields  of  leadership  and 
             first  scholarly  and  landmark  article  about  the       management             considered            very 
             difference  between  leaders  and  managers                different(Kotterman,  2006).  Katz  asserts  that 
             (Zaleznik, 1977). Zaleznik mentioned that the              leadership  is  a  multi-directional  influence 
             organization  needs  both  effective  managers             relation, while management is a unidirectional 
             and effective leaders in order to reach its goals,         authority relationship (Katz, 1955). 
             but  he  argues  that  managers and leaders have                 In  1977,  Abraham  Zaleznik  wrote  the 
             different   contributions    (Zaleznik,    1977).          first  scholarly  and  landmark  article  about  the 
             Whereas  leaders  promoter  change,  new                   difference  between  leaders  and  managers 
             approaches, and work to  understand people‘s               (Zaleznik, 1977). Zaleznik mentioned that the 
             beliefs  to  gain  their  commitment,  managers            organizationneeds both effective managers and 
             promoter  stability,  exercise  authority,  and            effective leaders in order to reach its goals, but 
             work  to  get  things  accomplished.  Therefore,           he  argues  that  managers  and  leaders  have 
             management  and  leadership  need  different               different   contributions    (Zaleznik,    1977). 
             types of people(Zaleznik, 1977).                           Whereas  leaders  promoter  change,  new 
                   In  1983,  Watson  stated  that  managers            approaches, and work to  understand people‘s 
             take care of structure and system, but leaders             beliefs  to  gain  their  commitment,  managers 
         Moh. Barid Nizarudin Wajdi 
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