About the Tutorial 
        Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware and 
        software.  It  consists  of  a  circuit  board,  which  can  be  programed  (referred  to  as 
        a microcontroller)  and  a  ready-made  software  called  Arduino  IDE  (Integrated 
        Development Environment), which is used to write and upload the computer code to the 
        physical board.  
        Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the micro-controller 
        into a more accessible package. 
         
        Audience 
        This tutorial is intended for enthusiastic students or hobbyists. With Arduino, one can get 
        to know the basics of micro-controllers and sensors very quickly and can start building 
        prototype with very little investment.  
         
        Prerequisites 
        Before you start proceeding with this tutorial, we assume that you are already familiar 
        with the basics of C and C++. If you are not well aware of these concepts, then we will 
        suggest you go through our short tutorials on C and C++. A basic understanding of 
        microcontrollers and electronics is also expected.  
         
        Copyright & Disclaimer 
         Copyright 2016 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.  
        All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) 
        Pvt. Ltd.  The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish 
        any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent 
        of the publisher.   
        We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as 
        possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. 
        Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our 
        website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or 
        in this tutorial, please notify us at contact@tutorialspoint.com 
         
         
         
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                             Table of Contents 
                                     About the Tutorial ............................................................................................................................................ i 
                                     Audience ........................................................................................................................................................... i 
                                     Prerequisites ..................................................................................................................................................... i 
                                     Copyright & Disclaimer ..................................................................................................................................... i 
                                     Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................ ii 
                             ARDUINO – BASICS ...................................................................................................................... 1 
                                     Arduino – Overview .................................................................................................................................. 2 
                                     Board Types ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 
                                     Arduino – Board Description ..................................................................................................................... 6 
                                     Arduino – Installation ............................................................................................................................... 9 
                                     Arduino – Program Structure .................................................................................................................. 17 
                                     Arduino – Data Types .............................................................................................................................. 19 
                                     void ................................................................................................................................................................ 19 
                                     Boolean .......................................................................................................................................................... 19 
                                     Char ............................................................................................................................................................... 20 
                                     unsigned char ................................................................................................................................................ 21 
                                     byte ................................................................................................................................................................ 21 
                                     int 21 
                                     Unsigned int .................................................................................................................................................. 21 
                                     Word .............................................................................................................................................................. 21 
                                     Long ............................................................................................................................................................... 22 
                                     unsigned long ................................................................................................................................................ 22 
                                     short .............................................................................................................................................................. 22 
                                     float ............................................................................................................................................................... 22 
                                     double ............................................................................................................................................................ 23 
                                     Arduino – Variables & Constants ............................................................................................................ 24 
                                     What is Variable Scope? ................................................................................................................................ 24 
                                     Arduino – Operators ............................................................................................................................... 26 
                                     Arithmetic Operators..................................................................................................................................... 26 
                                     Comparison Operators .................................................................................................................................. 27 
                                     Boolean Operators ........................................................................................................................................ 29 
                                     Bitwise Operators .......................................................................................................................................... 30 
                                     Compound Operators .................................................................................................................................... 31 
                                     Arduino – Control Statements................................................................................................................. 33 
                                     if  statement .................................................................................................................................................. 34 
                                     If …else  statement ........................................................................................................................................ 35 
                                     if…else if …else statement ............................................................................................................................. 37 
                                     Switch Case Statement .................................................................................................................................. 39 
                                     Conditional Operator ? : ................................................................................................................................ 41 
                                     Rules of Conditional Operator ....................................................................................................................... 41 
                                     Arduino – Loops ...................................................................................................................................... 42 
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          while loop ...................................................................................................................................................... 42 
          do…while loop ............................................................................................................................................... 43 
          for loop .......................................................................................................................................................... 44 
          Nested Loop .................................................................................................................................................. 45 
          Infinite loop ................................................................................................................................................... 45 
           Arduino - Functions ................................................................................................................................. 47 
          Function Declaration ..................................................................................................................................... 48 
           Arduino – Strings .................................................................................................................................... 51 
          String Character Arrays .................................................................................................................................. 51 
          Manipulating String Arrays ............................................................................................................................ 52 
          Functions to Manipulate String Arrays .......................................................................................................... 54 
          Array Bounds ................................................................................................................................................. 58 
           Arduino – String Object ........................................................................................................................... 59 
          What is an Object? ........................................................................................................................................ 59 
          When to Use a String Object ......................................................................................................................... 61 
           Arduino – Time ....................................................................................................................................... 62 
          delay() function ............................................................................................................................................. 62 
          delayMicroseconds() function ....................................................................................................................... 63 
          millis() function .............................................................................................................................................. 63 
          micros() function ........................................................................................................................................... 64 
           Arduino – Arrays ..................................................................................................................................... 66 
          Declaring Arrays ............................................................................................................................................ 67 
          Examples Using Arrays .................................................................................................................................. 67 
          Arduino – Passing Arrays to Functions .......................................................................................................... 70 
          Multidimensional Arrays ............................................................................................................................... 73 
        ARDUINO – FUNCTION LIBRARIES ............................................................................................. 78 
           Arduino – I/O Functions .......................................................................................................................... 79 
          Pins Configured as INPUT .............................................................................................................................. 79 
          Pull-up Resistors ............................................................................................................................................ 79 
          Pins Configured as OUTPUT ........................................................................................................................... 80 
          pinMode() Function ....................................................................................................................................... 80 
          digitalWrite() Function .................................................................................................................................. 81 
          analogRead( ) function .................................................................................................................................. 82 
           Arduino – Advanced I/O Function ........................................................................................................... 84 
          analogReference() Function .......................................................................................................................... 84 
           Arduino – Character Functions ................................................................................................................ 86 
          Examples ........................................................................................................................................................ 87 
           Arduino – Math Library ........................................................................................................................... 93 
          Library Macros ............................................................................................................................................... 93 
          Library Functions ........................................................................................................................................... 95 
          Example ......................................................................................................................................................... 99 
           Arduino – Trigonometric Functions ....................................................................................................... 101 
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