PUBLIC
      SDK for SAP Adaptive Server Enterprise 16.0 SP03
      Document Version: 1.0 – 2020-03-04
      Embedded SQL/COBOL Programmers Guide
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               Content
               1     Introduction ................................................................7
               1.1   Embedded SQL Features........................................................7
               1.2   Transact-SQL Support in Embedded SQL ............................................8
               1.3   Getting Started..............................................................8
                        Using the Examples.........................................................9
                        Backward Compatibility ......................................................9
               1.4   Creating and Running an Embedded SQL Program.....................................10
               1.5   How the Precompiler Processes Your Applications.....................................11
                        Multiple Embedded SQL Source Files............................................11
                        Precompiler-generated Files ..................................................12
                        Group Element Referencing...................................................12
               2     General Information.........................................................13
               2.1   Five Tasks of an Embedded SQL Program...........................................13
                        Simplified Embedded SQL Program.............................................14
               2.2   General Rules for Embedded SQL.................................................14
                        Statement Placement ......................................................15
                        Comments..............................................................16
                        Identifiers ...............................................................16
                        Quotation Marks..........................................................16
                        Reserved Words...........................................................16
                        Variable Naming Conventions.................................................16
                        Scoping Rules............................................................17
                        Statement Batches.........................................................17
               2.3   Embedded SQL Constructs.....................................................18
               3     Communicating with SAP ASE.................................................20
               3.1   Scoping Rules: SQLCA, SQLCODE, and SQLSTATE.....................................20
               3.2   Declaring SQLCA.............................................................21
                        Multiple SQLCAs..........................................................21
                        SQLCA Variables..........................................................21
                        SQLCODE within SQLCA.....................................................22
               3.3   SQLCODE as a Standalone Area..................................................23
               3.4   SQLSTATE.................................................................24
                        SQLSTATE Codes and Error Messages...........................................25
               4     Variables .................................................................26
               4.1   Declaring Variables...........................................................26
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                         Declaring a Character Array..................................................27
               4.2    Using Host Variables..........................................................28
                         Host Input Variables........................................................29
                         Host Result Variables.......................................................29
                         Host Status Variables.......................................................29
                         Host Output Variables......................................................29
               4.3    Using Indicator Variables.......................................................30
                         Indicator Variables and Server Restrictions.......................................30
                         Using Host Variables with Indicator Variables......................................31
                         Host Variable Conventions...................................................33
               4.4    Arrays....................................................................34
                         Multiple Arrays...........................................................34
               4.5    Scoping Rules..............................................................34
               4.6    Datatypes.................................................................36
                         Elementary Data Items......................................................37
                         Group Data Items..........................................................37
                         Special Data Items.........................................................38
                         COBOL and Adaptive Server Enterprise datatypes Comparison.........................38
                         Converting datatypes.......................................................38
               5      Connecting to SAP ASE......................................................42
               5.1    Connecting to a Server ........................................................42
                         user...................................................................43
                         password ...............................................................43
                         connection_name .........................................................43
                         server .................................................................43
                         connect Example..........................................................44
               5.2    Changing the Current Connection................................................44
               5.3    Establishing Multiple Connections................................................44
                         Connection Names........................................................45
                         Using SAP ASE Connections .................................................46
               5.4    Disconnecting from a Server....................................................47
               6      Using Transact-SQL Statements................................................48
               6.1    Transact-SQL statements in Embedded SQL ........................................48
                         Invalid Statements.........................................................49
                         Transact-SQL Statements that Differ in Embedded SQL..............................49
               6.2    Selecting Rows..............................................................49
                         Selecting One Row.........................................................50
                         Selecting Multiple Rows Through Arrays.........................................50
                         Using Stored Procedures....................................................64
               6.3    Grouping Statements.........................................................68
               Embedded SQL/COBOL Programmers Guide
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                         Grouping Statements by Batches..............................................68
                         Grouping Statements by Transactions...........................................69
                6.4   Including Files and Directories...................................................71
                7     Using Dynamic SQL .........................................................72
                7.1   When to Use Dynamic SQL.....................................................72
                7.2   Dynamic SQL Protocol........................................................73
                7.3   Method 1: Using execute immediate...............................................74
                         Method 1 Examples........................................................75
                7.4   Method 2: Using Prepare and Execute..............................................75
                         prepare.................................................................76
                         execute.................................................................76
                         Method 2 Example.........................................................77
                7.5   Method 3: Using Prepare and Fetch with a Cursor......................................77
                         prepare.................................................................78
                         declare.................................................................78
                         open...................................................................79
                         fetch and close ...........................................................79
                         Method 3 Example.........................................................80
                7.6   Method 4: Using Prepare and Fetch with System Descriptors..............................81
                         Method 4 Dynamic Descriptors................................................81
                         Dynamic Descriptor Statements...............................................82
                         Method 4 Example.........................................................83
                         About SQLDAs...........................................................85
                         Using SYBSETSQLDA.......................................................87
                         Method 4 Example Using SQLDAs..............................................89
                8     Errors Handling............................................................92
                8.1   Testing for Errors............................................................93
                         SQLCODE Return Values....................................................93
                8.2   Testing for Warning Conditions..................................................94
                8.3   Trapping Errors with the Whenever Statement........................................95
                         whenever Testing Conditions.................................................95
                         whenever Actions.........................................................96
                8.4   Using get diagnostics.........................................................97
                8.5   Writing Routines to Handle Warnings and Errors......................................97
                8.6   Precompiler-detected Errors ....................................................98
                9     Embedded SQL Statements: Reference Pages....................................100
                9.1   allocate descriptor...........................................................101
                9.2   begin declare section.........................................................103
                9.3   begin transaction...........................................................104
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