ADBI Working Paper Series 
           
           
           
           
                                            
                                            
                                            
          A SKEPTICAL NOTE ON THE ROLE      
          OF CONSTANT ELASTICITY OF         
          SUBSTITUTION IN LABOR INCOME      
          SHARE DYNAMICS                    
                                            
                                            
           
           
           
                                 
          Saumik Paul            
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
          No. 944                        
          April 2019                     
           
                                         
                                         
                                         
                                         
           
           
          Asian Development Bank Institute 
                                         
                   
                   
                   
                    Saumik Paul is a research economist at the Asian Development Bank Institute in Tokyo, 
                    Japan. 
                    The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect 
                    the  views or policies of ADBI, ADB, its Board of Directors, or the governments they 
                    represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and 
                    accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not 
                    necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms. 
                    Working papers are subject to formal revision and correction before they are finalized and 
                    considered published. 
                                                                                                                                  
                  The Working Paper series is a continuation of the formerly named Discussion Paper series; 
                  the numbering of the papers continued without interruption or change. ADBI’s working papers 
                  reflect initial ideas on a topic and are posted online for discussion. Some working papers may 
                  develop into other forms of publication. 
                   
                  Suggested citation: 
                  Paul, S.  2019.  A Skeptical Note on the Role of Constant Elasticity of Substitution  
                  in Labor Income Share Dynamics. ADBI Working Paper 944. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank 
                  Institute. Available:  https://www.adb.org/publications/skeptical-note-role-constant-elasticity-
                  substitution-labor-income-share-dynamics 
                   
                  Please contact the author for information about this paper. 
                  Email: paulsaumik@gmail.com 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                  Asian Development Bank Institute 
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                  © 2019 Asian Development Bank Institute 
                                                                           
        ADBI Working Paper 944                     Paul 
         
        Abstract 
         
        The constancy of the elasticity of factor substitution (σ) makes its role as a driver of the labor 
        income share exogenous. The constant elasticity of substitution (CES) (Arrow et al., 1961) 
        production function has predominantly been used to support this causal relationship. This 
        paper argues that (i) capital-labor ratio determines the value of σ, and (ii) both capital-labor 
        ratio and σ vary over time. I use a variable elasticity of substitution (VES) production 
        framework that allows both labor income share and σ to change over time. Statistically 
        significant empirical support is provided using the Japanese industrial productivity (JIP) data. 
        This suggests that the CES model may not be an ideal choice to examine the factor income 
        share dynamics.  
         
        Keywords: substitution elasticity, labor income share, production function parameters 
         
        JEL Classification: E21, E22, E25 
         
                                
                 ADBI Working Paper 944                                                                           Paul 
                  
                 Contents 
                  
                  
                 1.      INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 
                 2.      A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE VES  
                         PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS ...................................................................................... 4 
                 3.      EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 6 
                         3.1     Data and Descriptive Statistics ........................................................................ 6 
                         3.2     Empirical Model ............................................................................................... 9 
                         3.3     Empirical Outcomes ...................................................................................... 10 
                 4.      CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 13 
                 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 15 
                 APPENDIX 1 ......................................................................................................................... 18 
                 APPENDIX 2: SECTORAL LABOR INCOME SHARES ....................................................... 21