Estimating the economic value of the benefits 
       provided by the tourism/recreation and 
       Employment supported by Natura 2000 
       Final Report 
       European Commission - DG Environment 
       December 2011 
                                                                           
                                                                          Project description 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                            CLIENT                                                                                                                                                                                       European Commission - DG Environment 
                                                                            CONTRACT NUMBER                                                                                                                                                                              07.0307/2010/581498/SER/B.3 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                            REPORT TITLE                                                                                                                                                                                 Final Report 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Estimating the economic value of the benefits provided 
                                                                            PROJECT NAME                                                                                                                                                                                 by the tourism/recreation and Employment supported 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         by Natura 2000 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                            DATE                                                                                                                                                                                         December 2011 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                            AUTHORS                                                                                                                                                                                      Shailendra Mudgal, BIO Intelligence Service 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Blandine Chenot, BIO Intelligence Service 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Anne Turbé, BIO Intelligence Service 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Franck Cachia, BIO Intelligence Service 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Marine Grémont, BIO Intelligence Service 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Benjamin Carey, Dunira Strategy 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Corinne Doff, Dunira Strategy 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         John Henderson Todd, Dunira Strategy 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Herbert Hamele, Ecotrans 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Gordon Sillence, Ecotrans 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Karl Reiner, OÄR 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                            KEY CONTACTS                                                                                                                                                                                 Shailendra Mudgal 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         + 33 (0) 1 53 90 11 80 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Shailendra.mudgal@biois.com  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Or 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Blandine Chenot 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         + 33 (0) 1 53 90 11 80 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Blandine.chenot@biois.com 
                                                                          Please cite this publication as: 
                                                                          BIO Intelligence Service (2011), Estimating the economic value of the benefits provided by the 
                                                                          tourism/recreation  and  Employment  supported  by  Natura  2000,  Final  Report  prepared  for 
                                                                          European Commission - DG Environment  
                                                                          Disclaimer: The project team does not accept any liability for any direct or indirect damage 
                                                                          resulting from the use of this report or its content. This report contains the results of research by 
                                                                          the authors and is not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission. 
                                                                          ©BIO Intelligence Service 2011 
                                                                          Photo credit: cover @ Per Ola Wiberg 
                                                                                 2 |   Estimating the economic value of the benefits provided by the tourism/recreation and 
                                                                                               Employment supported by Natura 2000                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
                  
                  
                 Table of Contents 
                 ABSTRACT                                                                          5 
                 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY                                                                 7 
                 KEY CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS                                                     13 
                 CHAPTER 1:    INTRODUCTION                                                       19 
                 1.1  Aims and objectives                                                         19 
                 1.2  Scope                                                                       20 
                 1.3  Approach and methodology                                                    21 
                 1.4  Report structure                                                            24 
                 CHAPTER 2:    OVERVIEW OF THE BENEFITS PROVIDED BY NATURA 2000                   25 
                 2.1  Natura 2000                                                                 25 
                 2.2  Overall benefits provided by Natura 2000                                    26 
                 2.3  Economic valuation of Natura 2000 benefits                                  27 
                   2.3.1 Total Economic Value framework                                            27 
                   2.3.2 Aggregating and scaling up from site-level benefits                       28 
                 2.4  Net benefits provided by the Natura 2000 network                            30 
                 CHAPTER 3:    BENEFITS   PROVIDED  BY  TOURISM  AND  RECREATION,  AND 
                 EMPLOYMENT SUPPORTED BY NATURA 2000                                              33 
                 3.1  Benefits provided by social and cultural services                           33 
                   3.1.1 Benefits related to tourism and recreation                                34 
                   3.1.2 Benefits related to landscape and amenity values                          49 
                   3.1.3 Benefits related to cultural values and inspirational services            50 
                 3.2  Wider socio-economic benefits of Natura 2000                                52 
                   3.2.1 Employment supported by Natura 2000                                       53 
                   3.2.2 Contribution to local and regional development                            58 
                 3.3  Costs  of  negative  impacts  of  tourism  and  recreation  on  biodiversity 
                 conservation and ecosystems                                                      58 
                 CHAPTER 4:    ESTIMATION OF BENEFITS PROVIDED BY TOURISM AND RECREATION 
                 SUPPORTED BY NATURA 2000                                                         63 
                 4.1  Estimation of market benefits and their economic impacts                    65 
                   4.1.1 Methodology                                                               65 
                   4.1.2 Application of the methodology                                            80 
                                   Estimating the economic value of the benefits provided by the tourism/recreation and  | 3 
                                                                   Employment supported by Natura 2000 
                                         
                                                4.1.3 Results and caveats                                                                                                                                                                                                                  81 
                                        4.2  Recreational benefits                                                                                                                                                                                                                        85 
                                                4.2.1 Methodology                                                                                                                                                                                                                          86 
                                                4.2.2 Results and caveats                                                                                                                                                                                                                  89 
                                        CHAPTER 5:                                 ESTIMATION OF EMPLOYMENT SUPPORTED BY NATURA 2000                                                                                                                                                      93 
                                        5.1  Employment provided by tourism and recreation                                                                                                                                                                                                94 
                                                5.1.1 Methodology                                                                                                                                                                                                                          94 
                                                5.1.2 Results and caveats                                                                                                                                                                                                                  94 
                                        5.2  Overall employment supported by Natura 2000                                                                                                                                                                                                  97 
                                                5.2.1 Methodology                                                                                                                                                                                                                          97 
                                                5.2.2 Results and caveats                                                                                                                                                                                                               103 
                                        CHAPTER 6:                                 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS                                                                                                                                                                     107 
                                        6.1  Recommendations for the interpretation of the results                                                                                                                                                                                    107 
                                        6.2  Recommendations to improve the Natura 2000 recognition process                                                                                                                                                                           110 
                                        6.3  Future methodological developments                                                                                                                                                                                                       111 
                                        REFERENCES                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    117 
                                        ANNEX: CASE STUDIES                                                                                                                                                                                                                           129 
                                         
                                         
                                           4 |   Estimating the economic value of the benefits provided by the tourism/recreation and 
                                                   Employment supported by Natura 2000