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JOURNALOFWOMEN’SHEALTH
Volume 25, Number 2, 2016
ªMaryAnnLiebert, Inc.
DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2015.5318
Young Women’s Perceptions of the Relationship
in Fifty Shades of Grey
1,2 1,2 1,2
Amy E. Bonomi, PhD, MPH, Emily M. Nichols, MSW, Christin L. Carotta, PhD,
1 3
Yuya Kiuchi, PhD, and Samantha Perry
Abstract
Objective: Millions of women are interacting with Fifty Shades of Grey—a best-selling novel and film. Yet, to
date, no social science study has been undertaken to examine women’s perceptions of the Fifty Shades rela-
tionship narrative in its film adaptation—what they deem appealing, what they deem unappealing, and what
they would welcome or resist in their own relationship. In the present study, we used focus groups to examine
women’s perceptions of the relationship patterns in the Fifty Shades of Grey film.
Methods: Focus groups were conducted with 35 young adult women (randomly sampled from the registrar’s
office of a large Midwestern university) immediately after watching the Fifty Shades film with the study team at
a local theater within two days of the film’s release. Seven semistructured questions concentrating on reactions
to the relationship patterns between Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele depicted in the Fifty Shades film were
asked, including general reactions, appealing and unappealing characteristics, romantic and dangerous ele-
ments, and aspects that participants would tolerate (or not tolerate) in their own relationships.
Results: While participants assessed parts of the relationship between Christian and Anastasia as exciting and
romantic, they consistently indicated an unappealing lack of health in the relationship. Participants expressed
grave concerns over Christian’s stalking, controlling, manipulative, and emotionally abusive behavior, anger in
sexual interactions, and neglect of Anastasia’s needs. At the same time, they sympathized with and rationalized
Christian’s behaviors as a function of his personality, needs, and abilities. A small contingent implicated
Anastasia in the unhealthy relationship process, whereas a broader majority of participants highlighted the
challenges with trying to ‘‘speak up’’ in an unhealthy relationship like Christian and Anastasia’s. When asked
where participants would draw the line in their own relationship, participants indicated they would welcome the
adventure and gifts, but would not tolerate being controlled and stalked, having their needs neglected, and
having a partner who expressed anger in sexual interactions.
Conclusions: Our findings point to the value of using popular culture, including the Fifty Shades narrative, to
actively engage young women in productive conversation about characteristics of relationship health and un-
health. Similar approaches could be used to engage young women in safe, relatable conversations about healthy
andunhealthyrelationships,includingthewarningsignsofabuse.Asabroaderimpact,ourstudycontributestoan
understanding of how young women interact with and make sense of relationships depicted in popular culture.
Introduction they deem unappealing, and what they would welcome or
Significance resist in their own relationship. In the present study, we ex-
amined, through focus groups, young women’s perceptions
s millions of women are interacting with Fifty Shades of the relationship patterns in the Fifty Shades of Grey film.
A 1 2 3
of Grey —a best-selling novel and film —no social Our study concentrated on women between the ages of 18
science study to date has been undertaken to examine and 24 years because this developmental period, over all
women’s perceptions of the Fifty Shades relationship narra- other developmental periods, is intensely focused on explo-
tive in its film adaptation—what they deem appealing, what rations of intimate relationships, love, sexuality, and sexual
1Human Development and Family Studies, 2Research Consortium on Gender-Based Violence, and 3College of Social Science Scholars
Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
139
140 BONOMIETAL.
expression.4,5 It is also a period when women are at high risk waxedvaginalareas)andforsexualinteractions(e.g.,double
for experiencing violence in their intimate relationships.6–8 anal penetration).21
Across the lifespan, between 24% and 44% of women will Violence against women in other types of popular culture,
experience intimate partner violence,6,7 with significant ad- such as music videos, has also raised concern. For example,
verse health outcomes.8–17 Women with a history of intimate EminemandRihanna’s music video, Love the Way You Lie,
partner violence in the past 12 months,15 for example, have romanticizes physical, sexual, and emotional threats, in-
elevated risk of depression (3.26-fold increase), anxiety cluding an intent to kill within a couple’s relationship (i.e.,
(2.73-fold increase), substance abuse (5.89-fold increase), ‘‘If she ever tries to fucking leave again I’m a tie her to the
sexually transmitted disease (3.15-fold increase), urinary bed and set this house on fire.’’). In relation to lyrics like
tract infections (1.79-fold increase), vaginitis (1.56-fold in- these, the American Academy of Pediatrics36 issued a cau-
crease), chest pain (1.53-fold increase), chronic pain (e.g., tionary policy statement about the role that depictions of
cervical and back pain, headaches), trauma-related joint violence, problematic sexual messages, sexual stereotypes,
disorders (1.59-fold increase), and various types of injury and substance abuse play in shaping the attitudes and be-
(e.g., lacerations, contusions, sprains and strains). haviors of young people.
Our study is highly relevant to the development of young
women,includingthepotentialforhelpingtoestablishahealthy Fifty Shades of Grey narrative
relationship trajectory across the lifespan, particularly given the
known associations between interacting with popular culture What are the basic tenets of the Fifty Shades of Grey nar-
(including Fifty Shades) that depicts violence against women rative? In the Fifty Shades of Grey film, handsome, wealthy,
18–24
and/or highly gendered stereotypes and violence victimi- andsexuallyexperiencedChristianGrey(JamieDornan)and
zation and related health risks. While well-validated, theory- plain-looking, sexually inexperienced college student Ana-
based relationship violence prevention programs such as Safe stasia Steele (Dakota Johnson) become romantically and
25 26 27
Dates, the Fourth-R, and Coaching Boys into Men target sexuallyinvolved.TheFiftyShadesnarrativeblursdesireand
37
contributing factors to violence in relationships across all levels danger, weaving in edgy sexual elements into the romantic
28
ofthesocialecology (e.g., individual, peer, family, and school relationship; namely, Christian uses physical restraints (e.g.,
environment), a prime emphasis is placed on social norming— handcuffs, neckties), floggers, riding crops, feather ticklers,
including combatting messages at the broader societal level verbal intimidation, and spanking in an attempt to sexually
(e.g., media) that condone violence against women. These engage and subdue Anastasia.
programs acknowledge that the use of popular culture is an Within the Fifty Shades relationship, consistent with tra-
29 31,38,39
important facilitator for opening conversations about rela- ditional gender scripts, Christian’s sexual needs are
30
tionships, sexuality, and warning signs of abuse. prioritized over Anastasia’s desire for an emotional connec-
Two recent cross-sectional studies showed associations tion. For example, in one scene, Anastasia returns from a
between interacting with the Fifty Shades novels and vio- long-distance trip and indicates a desire to connect emo-
lence victimization, binge drinking, disordered eating, hav- tionally with Christian; appearing angry by events happening
ingahighnumberofsexualpartners,23andtraditionalgender in his office, Christian ignores Anastasia’s request and in-
role identification24 (the idea that men are strong, powerful, stead commands her to get ready for sex. While Anastasia is
31
andincontrolandwomenareweakandsubservient ).While upset by Christian’s dismissive request, she complies and is
the studies could not demonstrate temporality and did not depictedasarousedduringtheensuingsexualinteractions.In
account for all factors (e.g., family environment, interactions another sexually charged scene, after Christian spanks Ana-
with all types of popular culture) that might be associated stasia for rolling her eyes at him, Christian abruptly an-
with health risks and traditional gender role alignment, the nounces that he needs to leave, which disturbs Anastasia;
study findings nevertheless corroborate prior investigations instead of pressing Christian to stay, Anastasia cries later on
noting associations between interacting with popular culture the telephone with her mother.
and related media depicting violence against women and Bonomi’s prior in-depth analysis of the Fifty Shades nar-
21,22,32–34 40 2
attitude and behavior risks. rative, as depicted in the book, revealed Christian’s sys-
Forexample,Malamuth’sseminalstudyshowedthatmale tematic use of abuse (e.g., stalking, intimidation, controlling
undergraduate students randomized to watch violent sexual behavior, social isolation) to dominate Anastasia, consistent
40,41
films had increased acceptance of violence against women, with national definitions of intimate partner violence.
with a nonsignificant opposite trend for female viewers.34 The Fifty Shades film3 adaptation tones down aspects of the
More recent analyses have confirmed associations between abuse in the books, but the abuse is nonetheless present. For
men’s viewing of violent pornography and attitudes sup- example, shortly after being spanked and calling her mother
porting violence against women.32,33 Other studies have crying,AnastasiaplansavisittoseehermotherinGeorgia.In
shownarangeofpotentialrisksforwomenwhointeractwith connection, Christian becomes angry and follows Anastasia
sexualizing magazines(valuingappearanceovercompetence fromSeattletoGeorgia,whichalarmsAnastasiaanddisrupts
and intensive body surveillance)18 and thin-ideal images hervisitwithhermother.Thefilmamplifiestheoriginalbook
(depressed feelings, stress, guilt, shame).35 Gail Dines, au- scene by depicting Anastasia as sending Christian a longing
thor of Pornland: How Porn Has Hijacked our Sexuality, text message from Georgia (‘‘I miss you’’), prompting his
brings these ideas together by calling attention to increas- visit. In any case, following a romantic interest nearly 3,000
ingly problematic messaging about women, including miles and manipulating her away from family time fits pat-
hypersexualized images and violence, in Internet-based terns of stalking and domestic violence.41
pornography and visual media more generally—including Other examples of Christian’s controlling, manipulative
ensuing expectations for women’s physical appearance (e.g., behavior depicted in the film involve telling Anastasia that
RELATIONSHIP IN FIFTY SHADES 141
she is not allowed to talk with anyone about their relation- Shadesbooks,andofthese,lessthanhalffinishedreadingthe
ship, harassingAnastasiaaboutwhetheranyofthemeninher first book.
life are her ‘‘boyfriend,’’ commanding her to eat, and buying Twostudy sessions (n=20 participants and n=15 partic-
her expensive gifts that cause her to feel uncomfortable and ipants) were scheduled within 2 days after the film’s release
induce her dependency. to minimize the impact that publicity about the film could
In spite of the abuse depictions in Fifty Shades, millions of have on participants’ perceptions. Focus groups were con-
womenaredrawntothenarrative.1Inanefforttounderstand ducted immediately after watching the Fifty Shades film.
aspectsoftheFiftyShadesrelationshipthatareappealingand Focus group methodology is commonly used in health be-
unappealing to women, our study involved talking with 35 havior and health education studies, where participants are
young adult women (ages 18 to 24 years) after watching the asked to focus on a topic and presented as a set of questions,
Fifty Shades of Grey film with the study team. Our study suchasinresponsetoafilm;itisausefulmethodologywhen
contributes to an understanding of how women interact with the research purpose is to elicit people’s understandings,
and make sense of relationships depicted in popular culture. opinions and views within a social context.44 Crucial to the
success of focus groups are standard procedures, including
Methods establishing clear criteria for subject eligibility (described
Study procedures were approved by the university’s In- above),identifyingcleardiscussionquestions,settingground
stitutional Review Board. A total of 35 young adult women rules for respectful discussions, and establishing competent
notetakers.44
(eligibility: ages 18 to 24 years and enrolled at the university) To guide the focus groups, seven semistructured ques-
wererecruitedtowatchtheFiftyShadesofGreyfilmwiththe tions concentrating on reactions to the relationship pat-
study team and to participate in focus group discussions42
about their perceptions of the Fifty Shades relationship im- terns between Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele depicted
mediately following the film. Subjects received $60 cash for in the Fifty Shades film were asked, including questions
study participation. Subjects were recruited through random addressing participants’ general reactions, characteristics
sampling by the university’s registrar’s office; a total of 260 of the relationship that were appealing (and unappealing),
subjects meeting the eligibility criteria were sent a recruit- elements that were romantic and dangerous, elements that
ment email and study information sheet, with the enrollment participants would tolerate (or not tolerate) in their own
periodheldopenfor24hours.Withinthe24-hourenrollment relationships, and how participants would describe the re-
period, of the 260 randomly sampled subjects, 41 signed up lationship to a friend. The skilled discussion facilitator
to participate, with 35 subjects ultimately participating in (AEB) actively and consistently probed all participants to
the study—sufficient for thematic saturation.43 Of those express opinions to ensure that less vocal individuals con-
whosignedupbutdidnotparticipate,twowereunabledueto tributed. Other procedures used by the facilitator to en-
extreme cold weather (temperatures hovered around zero courage participation included establishing group discussion
degrees on the days of the study), two were ill, and two did norms at the beginning and reminding the group of the
not provide reasons. norms throughout the process, conducting the groups in a
Theaverage age of participants was 21 years (range, 19 to comfortable location, and reinforcing the confidential nature
24 years), 32.2% identified as racial/ethnic minority, and of the discussions.
most were sophomores, juniors and seniors (Table 1). Our Twodatacapture approaches were used, including using
samplewasmoreracially/ethnicallydiverse(32.2%)thanour notetakers and audiotaping the focus groups. Four study
university’s students as a whole (17.3%). Forty-two percent staff attended the focus groups, including the facilitator
of the sample had interacted in some fashion with the Fifty (AEB)andthreerecorders (EMN,CLC,SP),whosatatthe
sides of the room and actively recorded participant dia-
logue in their computers. In addition, the focus group dis-
cussionswereaudio-recorded(YK)andtranscribed(EMN).
Table 1. Participant Characteristics The study team comprised three gender-based violence
a researchers trained in qualitative methods (AEB, EMN,
N=34 CLC); one popular culture scholar (YK); and one under-
Age (years), mean 21 years (range, graduate social science student (SP).
19–24 years) Thematic analysis was used to identify themes, including
areas of disagreement among participants.45 The entire study
Race/ethnicity, n (%)
White 23 (67.6%) team met for three initial in-depth discussions of the notes
Black/African American 8 (23.5%) from the notetakers; first, immediately following each focus
Hispanic 1 (2.9%) group (two meetings) and then for a four-hour meeting once
Asian 1 (2.9%) the transcripts were assembled. After these initial meetings,
Unknown 1 (2.9%) AEB,EMNandCLCindependentlyanditeratively read and
Year in college, n (%) highlighted themes in the organized notes and transcriptions,
Freshman 6 (17.6%) with several in-person meetings following and electronic
Sophomore 9 (26.4%) communication used to clarify themes; the in-person meet-
Junior 7 (20.5%) ings involved the entire study team (AEB, EMN, CLC, YK
Senior 11 (32.3%) andSP).Therewasnearlyperfectconsistencyintheidentified
Graduate (master’s) 1 (2.9%) themesacrossAEB,EMNandCLC.Asanadditionalvalidity
a 46
TheUniversity Registrar could not access information for one of step, the findings were presented at a university-wide event
the 35 participants. involving approximately 200 faculty and students from
142 BONOMIETAL.
multiple disciplines, including three students who partici- Other appealing elements included Christian’s focus on
pated in the focus groups. Anastasia, including his physical attraction to her even
though she is not ‘‘cookie cutter hot,’’ that he is willing to
negotiate becausehedesireshersomuch(‘‘Hewaswillingto
Results negotiate with her and go on a date night with her because he
Overview desired her so much’’), and that he seems to genuinely care
for Anastasia’s well-being:
While participants assessed parts of the relationship be- ‘‘He cared about her physical well-being.wanted her to
tweenChristian and Anastasia as exciting and romantic, they besafe,pulledoutacondom,madesureshewasn’tsleepingin
consistently indicated an unappealing lack of health in the her vomit clothes, although it was in a weird way, he cared.’’
relationship as the overarching narrative. Participants iden- ‘‘I noticed that he would look at her when she was sleeping,
tified Christian’s controlling, manipulative, and abusive be- like in care, the body language, he was desiring her, but not
havior and angry emotions as key contributors to the lack of sexually, he cared for her.’’
relationship health, including stalking Anastasia, selling her Asmall contingent of participants liked that Christian is
car without her permission, taking her to a hotel while she direct about what he wants sexually (a relatable pattern in
was intoxicated and unconscious even though they had little their own lives—‘‘Guys these days are like ‘let’s get right to
relationship together, buying her expensive gifts to control the point.’ If a guy thinks you want sex, they will ask for it.’’
and manipulate her, and expressing anger in their sexual in- Whereas participants consistently across focus groups liked
teractions. At the same time, participants were sympathetic that Christian tries to make Anastasia feel special (e.g., by
and rationalized Christian’s behaviors. Further, while par- calling her his ‘‘girlfriend’’; by his willingness to be seen in
ticipants acknowledged the adverse impact of Christian’s publicwithher;bygivinghergiftssuchasacomputer;andby
behaviors on Anastasia, a small contingent of participants inviting Anastasia to be in a public photograph with him).
implicated Anastasia in the unhealthy relationship process, Finally, appealing elements of Anastasia’s character in-
while others resisted this narrative by acknowledging the cluded her ability to wield some power in the relationship,
challenges of ‘‘speaking up’’ in a relationship like Christian including when she teases Christian by not promptly an-
andAnastasia’s. When asked where participants would draw swering his text messages, as well as her relatable physical
thelineintheirownrelationship,participantssaidtheywould qualities (‘‘Anastasia is realistic because she is relatable;
welcomethegifts,adventureandsexualexploration,butthey she is natural and [her] roommate is supposed to be the
generated a more robust narrative about what they would not bombshell’’).
tolerate including being controlled and stalked, having their
needs disrespected, and having a partner who expressed an-
ger in sexual interactions. Finally, when asked how they Relationship lack of appeal
would describe the relationship to a friend, participants re- While participants assessed parts of the relationship be-
iterated elements of the couple’s lack of relationship health. tweenChristian and Anastasia as appealing, they generated a
The themes are expanded upon below. consistent, robust narrative about unappealing elements that
theydeemedunhealthy,dangerous,andharmfultoAnastasia,
Relationship appeal to Christian, and to the relationship more generally. The lack
When asked what aspects of the relationship were ap- of relationship appeal sifted out into three categories: (1)
pealing and romantic, participants identified the general Christian’s control/manipulation, stalking, abuse, anger and
chemistry that exists between Christian and Anastasia (e.g., neglect of Anastasia’s needs; (2) Christian’s personality and
‘‘I love unexpected chemistry, how they just kind of con- needs, including his dark past (sexual abuse that he suffered),
nected, it was cute, how he popped up at the hardware store which constrained his ability to be fully connected to Ana-
[where she works], I thought that was.actually cute, that stasia; and (3) Anastasia’s inability to negotiate her needs in
was how me and my boyfriend met’’); further evidenced by the relationship.
their eye contact, their exchange of endearing phrases (e.g.,
‘‘Laters, baby’’), their passion (‘‘passionate even if they were 1. Christian’s control, stalking, abuse, and anger. Parti-
just kissing’’), and their sexual tension and erotic, boundary- cipants were consistently troubled by Christian’s attempts
pushing sexual activities: to control, manipulate, emotionally abuse, and stalk Ana-
stasia; Christian’s anger toward Anastasia (particularly in
‘‘It was hot, hot, hot, hot, very hot, really steaming, really their sexual interactions); and his neglect of Anastasia’s
about pushing the boundaries, something going on for both, needs. Not unlike the challenge of distinguishing between
trying to get out of comfort zone, curious to where relation- what is exciting and romantic versus problematic in real-
shipswillgo,shewantsmore,don’tknowwherethatwillgo.’’ world relationships,47 the same elements that were noted as
Participants were excited by romantic activities that appealing about the relationship were simultaneously de-
characterize the relationship, such as the dancing and heli- scribed as highly unappealing and problematic. For example,
copter and glider rides (e.g., ‘‘the dancing, it is just the lit- while participants were excited by the expensive gifts
tle things, and God, flying’’), and participants connected to Christian gives Anastasia—a finding that is consistent with
48
the couple’s realistic, recognizable relationship issues, par- females’ attraction to men with status —they also described
ticularly as they might play out in their own lives (e.g., the gifts as unappealing because they are used to control
‘‘unhealthy relationship but realistic.you get infatu- and manipulate Anastasia, including the perception that
ated and change yourself because you want to please them Christian gives more extreme gifts as his desire to control her
[boyfriend]’’). increases:
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