CHAPTER III 
                       RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 
                This chapter typically presents the research methodology section. It covers 
             research design, research subject, research instrument, data collection, and data 
             analysis. They are concisely elaborated in the following descriptions. 
             3.1 Research Design  
                Research design is required by researchers as a basis process of gaining 
             and  analyzing  the  data.  The  research  design  plays  as  a  plan  or  a  strategy  in 
             conducting the research. As a plan of the researcher, the research design is used to 
             gain an understanding on groups or phenomena (Ary et al, 2010). Furthermore, 
             the research design is plans and procedures of the research that significantly focus 
             on  methods  of  data  collection  and  analysis  (Creswell,  2009).  Thus,  it  can  be 
             remarked that the research design is needed by the researcher in conducting the 
             research, especially in collecting and analysing the data.  
                This research particularly used a qualitative research design. Even more, 
             the qualitative research design is the research design which attempts to understand 
             or to find out the answer of the lately phenomena  (Fraenkel, Wallen & Hyun, 
                  It  tends to generate words rather than numerical data. This research was 
             2012).
             categorized as the qualitative research design due to  two reasons.  Firstly, this 
             research investigated the phenomena of teaching reading strategies used by the 
             English  teacher  in  SMA  Negeri  9  Malang  because  when  the  researcher  was 
             conducting  the  Internship  Program  II,  the  researcher  saw  the  phenomena  of 
             teaching and learning activity in the classroom especially in teaching reading from 
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           the beginning till the class finish. Secondly, the result of this research was framed 
           by  means  of  using  words  or  descriptions  qualitatively  rather  than  numbers. 
           Therefore,  for  those  reasons,  it  could  be  categorized  that  this  research  was 
           classified as qualitative.  
           3.2 Research Subject 
              The  researcher  required  the  research  subject  as  a  person  who  was 
           investigated further in the research. Mc Millan (1996) claims that the research 
           subject is an individual who involves or participates in the research. Apart from 
           this,  while  the  researcher  was  conducting  the  Internship  Program  II  at  SMA 
           Negeri 9 Malang, the researcher met the teacher who taught English. Accordingly, 
           regarding this research, the researcher decided to choose the English teacher at 
           SMA Negeri 9 Malang as the research subject because that English teacher has 
           been teaching English for 19 years at SMA Negeri 9 Malang.  
           3.3 Data Collection  
              Collecting the data is an important element or method in conducting the 
           research. Similarly, Ary et al (2010) state that the data collection is method of 
           collecting  or  gathering  the  data.  It  was  intended  to  facilitate  the  researcher  in 
           obtaining the data rigidly. 
           3.3.1 Method and Instrument 
              Method and instrument are the way the researchers do for collecting the 
           data. There were two kinds of data collection that used by the researcher, those are 
           observation and interview. Even more, in this research, the researcher applied to 
           gain the data through observation and interview. 
            
            
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           3.3.1.1 Observation  
              For the researcher, observation focused on a fundamental way to gaining 
           the data in the qualitative research. Therefore by using observation, the researcher 
           can observe the process of activities and record what the research subject does 
           (Fraenkel, Wallen & Hyun, 2012). According to Ary et al (2010), the observation 
           is a basis of collecting or gathering the data. Moreover, it relies on narrative or 
           words to describe settings, behaviours,and interactions then there are two types of 
           observations  namely:  participant  and  non  participant  observation.  Firstly, 
           participant observation is in which the researcher participates or involves actively 
           in the event. Secondly, non participant observation is in which the researcher does 
           not participate or involve in the event. Furthermore, the researcher decided to be a 
           non participant observer who did not participate or involve in the teaching and 
           learning process in order to keep the class activities run naturally.  
              In this research, the researcher used field notes and observation checklist 
           as a means of obtaining the data within the observation process. Similarly, field 
           notes and observation checklist are common instruments which are used to collect 
           the data during the observation process (Ary et al, 2010). The aim of applying 
           field  notes  and  checklist  are  to  make  the  researcher  remember  the  actual 
           circumtances or detailed information that occur within the observation process. 
           Additionally,  by  means  of  using  field  notes  and  checklist,  the  researcher  can 
           check  whether  or  not  the  statements  of  the  research  subject  in  the  interview 
           section are reliable. Field notes can be seen in Appendix 1 and also checklist can 
           be seen in Appendix 2 
               
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           3.3.1.2 Interview  
              Interview  is  one  of  the  most  commonly  techniques  for  obtaining  the 
           qualitative  data.  The  interview  is  used  to  collect  the  data  or  information  from 
           people about opinions, beliefs, and feelings about situations in their own words 
           (Ary  et  al,  2010).  It  may  provide  information  that  cannot  be  gained  through 
           observation,  or  it  can  be  used  to  verify  the  observation  result.  Furthermore, 
           Hancock  (2009)  conveys  that  there  are  three  types  of  interviews  such  as  a 
           structured interview, a semi structured interview, and an unstructured interview. 
           Firstly, the structured interview is an interview which the researcher makes well-
           preparation  of  fixed  questions.  Secondly,  the  semi  structured  interview  is  an 
           interview that the researcher formulates questions, but the researcher may modify 
           the format or the questions during the interview process. Lastly, the unstructured 
           interview is a conversational type of interview in which the questions arise from 
           the situation. 
              For this research, the researcher used the semi structured interview since  
           the researcher could prepare questions for the research subject, and the researcher 
           could modify the questions within the interview process. Further, the researcher 
           administered one interview with the English teacher at SMA Negeri 9 Malang as 
           the respondent.  
              Another instrument employed by the researcher in this research was an 
           interview guide. Creswell (2011) argues that the interview guide is an instrument 
           which is designed or prepared by the researcher which comprises instructions for 
           the  interview  process,  questions,  and  space  to  take  notes  of  the  interviewee’s 
           responses. In other words, the interview guide provided the purpose of reminding 
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