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PHYSICS (861)
Aims:
1. To enable candidates to acquire knowledge and 4. To develop skills in -
to develop an understanding of the terms, facts, (a) the practical aspects of handling apparatus,
concepts, definitions, fundamental laws, recording observations and
principles and processes in the field of physics.
2. To develop the ability to apply the knowledge (b) drawing diagrams, graphs, etc.
and understanding of physics to unfamiliar 5. To develop an appreciation of the contribution
situations. of physics towards scientific and technological
3. To develop a scientific attitude through the study developments and towards human happiness.
of physical sciences. 6. To develop an interest in the world of physical
sciences.
CLASS XI
There will be two papers in the subject. SECTION A
Paper I: Theory - 3 hours ... 70 marks 1. Role of Physics
Paper II: Practical - 3 hours ... 20 marks (i) Scope of Physics.
Project Work … 7 marks Applications of Physics to everyday life.
Practical File … 3 marks Inter-relation with other science disciplines.
PAPER I-THEORY–70 Marks Physics learning and phenomena of nature;
development of spirit of inquiry, observation,
Paper I shall be of 3 hours duration and be divided measurement, analysis of data, interpretation
into two parts. of data and scientific temper; appreciation for
the beauty of scheme of nature.
Part I (20 marks): This part will consist of (ii) Role of Physics in technology.
compulsory short answer questions, testing Physics as the foundation of all technical
knowledge, application and skills relating to advances - examples. Quantitative approach
elementary/fundamental aspects of the entire syllabus. of physics as the beginning of technology.
Part II (50 marks): This part will be divided into Technology as the extension of applied
three Sections A, B and C. There shall be six physics. Growth of technology made possible
questions in Section A (each carrying 7 marks) and by advances in physics. Fundamental laws of
candidates are required to answer four questions nature are from physics. Technology is built
from this Section. There shall be three questions in on the basic laws of physics.
Section B (each carrying 6 marks) and candidates are (iii)Impact on society.
required to answer two questions from this Section. Effect of discoveries of laws of nature on the
There shall be three questions in Section C philosophy and culture of people. Effect of
(each carrying 5 marks) and candidates are required growth of physics on our understanding of
to answer two questions from this Section. Therefore, natural phenomena like lightening and
candidates are expected to answer eight questions in thunder, weather changes, rain, etc. Effect of
Part II. study of quantum mechanics, dual nature of
Note: Unless otherwise specified, only S. I. Units are matter, nuclear physics and astronomy on the
to be used while teaching and learning, as well as for macroscopic and microscopic picture of our
answering questions. universe.
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2. Units powers of 10; examples from magnitudes of
(i) SI units. Fundamental and derived units common physical quantities - size, mass, time,
(correct symbols for units including etc.
conventions for symbols). 3. Dimensions
Importance of measurement in scientific (i) Dimensional formula of physical quantities
studies; physics is a science of measurement. and physical constants like g, h, etc. (from
Unit as a reference standard of measurement; Mechanics only).
essential properties. Systems of unit; CGS, Dimensions of physical quantities;
FPS, MKSA, and SI; the seven base units of SI dimensional formula; express derived units in
selected by the General Conference of terms of base units (N = kg.ms-2); use symbol
Weights and Measures in 1971 and their [...] for dimensions of or base unit of;
definitions; list of fundamental physical ex: dimensional formula of force in terms of
quantities; their units and symbols, strictly as –2
per rule; subunits and multiple units using base units is written as [F]=[MLT ].
prefixes for powers of 10 (from atto for 10-18 Expressions in terms of SI base units may be
to tera for 1012); other common units such obtained for all physical quantities as and
as fermi, angstrom (now outdated), light year, when new physical quantities are introduced.
astronomical unit and parsec. A new unit of (ii) Dimensional equation and its use to check
mass used in atomic physics is unified atomic correctness of a formula, to find the relation
mass unit with symbol u (not amu); rules for between physical quantities, to find the
writing the names of units and their symbols dimension of a physical quantity or constant;
limitations of dimensional analysis.
in SI (upper case/lower case, no period after Use of dimensional analysis to (i) check the
symbols, etc.) dimensional correctness of a formula/
Derived units (with correct symbols); special equation; (ii) to obtain the dimensional
names wherever applicable; expression in formula of any derived physical quantity
terms of base units (eg: N= kgm/s2). including constants; (iii) to convert units from
(ii) Accuracy and errors in measurement, least one system to another; limitations of
count of measuring instruments (and the dimensional analysis.
implications for errors in experimental 4. Vectors, Scalar Quantities and Elementary
measurements and calculations). Calculus
Accuracy of measurement, errors in (i) General Vectors and notation, position and
measurement: precision of measuring displacement vector.
instruments, instrumental errors, systematic Self explanatory.
errors, random errors and gross errors. Least (ii) Vectors in one dimension, two dimensions
count of an instrument and its implication for and three dimensions, equality of vectors and
errors in measurements; absolute error, null vector. Vector operations (addition,
relative error and percentage error; subtraction and multiplication of vectors
combination of errors in (a) sum and
ˆ
ˆ
difference, (b) product and quotient and (c) ˆ
including use of unit vectors i , , );
j k
power of a measured quantity. parallelogram and triangle law of vector
(iii)Significant figures and order of accuracy with addition.
reference to measuring instruments. Powers of Vectors explained using displacement as a
10 and order of magnitude. prototype - along a straight line
What are significant figures? Their (one dimension), on a plane surface
significance; rules for counting the number of (two dimension) and in open space not
significant figures; rules for (a) addition and confined to a line or plane (three dimension);
subtraction, (b) multiplication/division; symbol and representation; a scalar quantity,
rounding off the uncertain digits; order of its representation and unit, equality of
magnitude as statement of magnitudes in vectors. Unit vectors denoted by
129
ˆ Differentiation as rate of change; examples
ˆ , ˆ , orthogonal unit vectors along x, y and
i
j k from physics – speed, acceleration, etc.
z axes respectively. Examples of one
Formulae for differentiation of simple
ˆ
ˆ ˆ n x
dimensional vector V1=ai or b or c
j k functions: x , sinx, cosx, e and ln x. Simple
where a, b, c are scalar quantities or ideas about integration – mainly. xn.dx. Both
∫
ˆ ˆ
numbers; V2 = ai + b is a two dimensional
j definite and indefinite integral should be
explained.
ˆ
ˆ ˆ
or planar vector, V 3= a i + b + c is a
j k
three dimensional or space vector. Define and 5. Dynamics
discuss the need of a null vector. Concept of (i) Cases of uniform velocity, equations of
co-planar vectors. uniformly accelerated motion and applications
Addition: use displacement as an example; including motion under gravity (close to
obtain triangle law of addition; graphical and surface of the earth) and motion along a
analytical treatment; Discuss commutative and smooth inclined plane.
associative properties of vector addition (Proof Review of rest and motion; distance and
not required). Parallelogram Law; sum and displacement, speed and velocity, average
difference; derive expressions for magnitude speed and average velocity, uniform velocity,
and direction from a parallelogram; special instantaneous speed and instantaneous
cases; subtraction as special case of addition velocity, acceleration, instantaneous
with direction reversed; use of Triangle Law acceleration, s-t, v-t and a-t graphs for
for subtraction also; if + b = ; - = b ; uniform acceleration and discussion of useful
a c c a information that can be obtained from the
In a parallelogram, if one diagonal is the sum, graphs; kinematic equations of motion for
the other diagonal is the difference; addition objects in uniformly accelerated rectilinear
and subtraction with vectors expressed in motion derived using calculus or otherwise,
motion of an object under gravity, (one
ˆ
terms of unit vectors ˆ , ˆ , ; multiplication of
i
j k dimensional motion). Acceleration of an
a vector by real numbers. object moving up and down a smooth inclined
(iii) Resolution and components of like vectors in a plane.
plane (including rectangular components), (ii) Relative velocity.
scalar (dot) and vector (cross) products. Start from simple examples on relative
Use triangle law of addition to express a velocity of one dimensional motion and then
vector in terms of its components. If +
a two dimensional motion; consider
b = is an addition fact, = + b is a displacement first; relative displacement
c c a
resolution; andb are components of . (use Triangle Law); SAB SA -S Bthen
a c
Rectangular components, relation between differentiating we get .
v v v
components, resultant and angle in between. AB A B
Dot (or scalar) product of vectors or (iii) Projectile motion.
scalar product .b =abcos; example Various terms in projectile motion; Equation
a
of trajectory; obtain equations for max.
W = .S = FS Cos . Special case of = 0,
F height, velocity, range, time of flight, etc;
0
90 and 180 . Vector (or cross) relation between horizontal range and
vertical range [projectile motion on an
product xb =[absin]ˆ ; example: torque
a n
= x ; Special cases using unit vectors inclined plane not included]. Examples of
r F projectile motion.
ˆ
ˆ ˆ
i , , for a.b and axb .
j k (iv) Newton's laws of motion and simple
(iv)Elementary Calculus: differentiation and applications. Elementary ideas on inertial and
integration as required for physics topics in uniformly accelerated frames of reference.
Classes XI and XII. No direct question will be Conservative and non-conservative forces.
asked from this subunit in the examination. Conservation of linear momentum, impulse.
130
[Already done in Classes IX and X, so here = m. Again for equilibrium a=0
it can be treated at higher maths level using F a
vectors and calculus]. and F=0. Conditions of equilibrium of
a rigid body under three coplanar
Newton's first law: Statement and forces. Discuss ladder problem. Work
explanation; inertia, mass, force definitions; done W= .S =FScos. If F is
F
law of inertia; mathematically, if F=0, a=0. variable dW= . dS and W=dw= .dS ,
F F
dp
Newton's second law: p =mv ; F ; for ║ . =FdS therefore, W=FdS
dt F dS F dS
is the area under the F-S graph or if F can be
=k dp . Define unit of force so that
F dt expressed in terms of S, FdS can be
evaluated. Example, work done in stretching a
k=1; = dp ; a vector equation. For springW Fdx kxdx 1 kx2. This is
F
dt 2
classical physics with v not large and mass also the potential energy stored in the
2
m remaining constant, obtain =m. stretched spring U=½ kx .
F a (vi) Energy, conservation of energy, power,
For v c, m is not constant. Then elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two
m = mo . Note that F= ma is the dimensions.
2 2
1-v c E=W. Units same as that of work W; law of
special case for classical mechanics. It is a conservation of energy; oscillating spring.
vector equation. || . Also, this can be
a F U+K = E = K = U (for U = 0 and K = 0
max max
resolved into three scalar equations F =ma
x x respectively); different forms of energy
etc. Application to numerical problems; E = mc2;no derivation. Power P=W/t; units;
introduce tension force, normal reaction . Collision in one dimension;
force. If a = 0 (body in equilibrium), F= 0. PF.v
Statement and explanation of principle of derivation of velocity equation for general
case of m m and u u =0; Special cases
conservation of linear momentum. Impulse 1 2 1 2
for m =m =m; m >>m or m <
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