Environmental Science
           LABORATORY MANUAL
                     FOR
        Senior Secondary Course
                 Course Coordinator
                 Neelam Gupta
             NATIONAL  INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING
       A-24/25, INSTITUTIONAL   AREA, SECTOR-62, Noida-201309 (U.P.)
     © National Institute of Open Schooling
           (Copies)
    Published by the Secretary, National Institute of Open Schooling, A-24/25, Institutional Area, Sec. 62,
      Noida-201309, and printed by _____________________________________
                                                ADVISORY COMMITTEE
           Dr. S.S. Jena                    Dr. Kuldeep Agarwal              Mrs. Gopa Biswas
           Chairman                         Director (Academic)              Jt. Director (Academic)
           NIOS                             NIOS                             NIOS
                                       CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
                                                      Chairperson
                                                  Prof. C.K. Varshney
                                                     Retd. Professor
                                             School of Environmental Sciences
                                                     JNU, New Delhi
                                                       Members
           Prof. T.R. Rao                   Dr. Yash P. Abrol                Dr. S.M. Nair
           Retd. Professor                  Deptt. of Environmental Botany   Programme Director
           School of Environmental Studies  Hamdard University               Centre of Environmental Education
           Univresity of Delhi              Delhi                            B-73, Soami Nagar, New Delhi
           Dr. B.S. Attri                   Dr. Geeta Kaikar                 Mr. Srikanta Panigrahi
           Retd. Advisor (Environment)      Reader, School of Science        Director Environment
           Ministry of Environment & Forest IGNOU, Maidan Garhi              (Room No. 317), Yojana Bhawan
           Govt. of India, New Delhi        New Delhi                        Parliament Street, New Delhi
                                            Ms. Neelam Gupta
                                            National Institute of Open Schooling
                                            A-24/25, Institutional Area, Sec- 62
                                            NOIDA
                                                   COURSE EDITORS
                                            Prof. C.K. Varshney
                                            Retd. Professor
                                            School of Environmental Sciences
                                            JNU, New Delhi
                                                   LESSON WRITERS
           Dr. Bharati Sarkar               Dr. Aparna Konar                 Mrs. Shivani Goswami
           Retd. Reader (Zoology)           Retd. Reader (Botany)            Retd. PGT & HOD (Biology)
           Maitriyi College, Delhi          Maitriyi College, Delhi          Mother International,
                                                                             Sri Aurobindo Marg, Delhi
                                            Sh. Rajeev Vishnoi
                                            RPVV, Surajmal Vihar, Delhi
                                                    GRAPHIC ARTIST
           Mr. Mahesh Sharma
           Graphic Artist
           NIOS, NOIDA
     A NOTE FROM THE DIRECTOR . . . .
        Dear Learner,
        Greetings from the Academic Department of National Institute of Open Schooling. It
        is a matter of pleasure for us that you have chosen the subject of Environmental Science
        for your Senior Secondary programme. This subject has a lot of scope for professional
        development and you may like to explore a career in this area.
        It has been our endeavour to design the curriculum in such a way that  it is  relevant
        to  every day situation in our life. The purpose of teaching Environmental Science is
        not only to acquaint you with theoretical knowledge but also to develop practical
        skills. This is an expected outcome of this endeavour. There is enough scope for
        developing experiments in different ways so as to bring out the creativity inherent in
        each one of you.
        Experimental studies that are designed  for you will help you to understand  the various
        positive and negative forces working on our environment. Each one of us including
        you plays a vital role in influencing a change in our environment. You can become a
        promising conservationist of nature—a common wealth of the entire humanity.
        Hope you will make the best use of this practical manual that can play a vital role in
        Nature’s conservation.
         Wishing you all the best
        (Kuldeep Agarwal)
        Director (Academic)