What are the Methods of communication? 
  There are three primary methods of communication in any organization as following:- 
  1 - Written communication: - This type always used as formal  communication and it includes many means has been        
 used by the organization as a ways to communicate with others such as letters, emails, reports, manuals, forms. 
  
  2 -  Oral communication: - This type can be considered the most prevalent form communication in organizations. Oral 
 forms of communication are particularly powerful because they include not only speaker's words, but also their
 changes in tone, pitch, speed and volume. People, ordinary use all of these because to understand oral messages. These 
 types include many forms as, Informal conversations, Group discussions, and Formal speeches. 
 3 - Nonverbal communication:- It includes all the elements associated with human communication that are not expressed 
 orally or in writing sometimes. Nonverbal communication transmits more meaning than words do. Human elements of 
 nonverbal communication include:- 
                                                  {Facial expression, physical movement, Body language} 
 Further, these elements nonverbal communication involves also environmental elements such as- 
                                                                   {Buildings, Office space and Furniture}
  
  
                                                                                                   (Section 4) 
                                                                                       Written communication
 Writing is more difficult than speaking because we have to get our message correct the first time and we do not have the 
 advantage of immediate feedback besides nonverbal clues such as facial expressions help us achieve our objective. In most 
 firms, typing written communication includes the following:-  
 1 -Email: It is a message transmitted electronically over a computer network.     
 2 - Web site: It comprises one or more pages of related information that is posted on the World Wide Web (www) and is          
 accessed via the internet. The main page of a website is called its [home page].
 3 - Memorandum: It is a written message sent to someone or working in the same organization.                       
 4 - Letter: It is a written message sent to someone outside the organization. 
 5 - Report: it is an orderly and objective presentation of information that assists in decision-making and problem solving. 
 6 - Miscellaneous: This type includes several of written communication include contracts, sales literature, newsletters and 
 bulletin – board notices.
 Writing is crucial to the modern organization because it serves as the major source of documentation. In order to write 
 message achieve their goals, it must be read. The skill of efficient reading   that's  becoming more important in today for   
 some reason such as:
 A - Technological society.      
 B - The abundance of widespread computing and word processing capabilities.  
  Business letter:
  A letter can be defined as a written message sent  To somebody by post. While business letter considers a primary means to 
 exchange goods and services freely through the world between various companies.
 A business companies has been depended on writing letters as a major means of communication to perform their 
 transactions.
  
 The business transactions undertaken by the several of firms, whether they are state 
 owned or privately owned are conducted by means of letters. If both writer and typist 
 keep in mind the following point's aid to a good letter:-
 1 - Stationery should be of high quality paper.
 2 - Typing should be accurate 
 3 - The language of the letter should be clear, Concise and grammatically correct.
 4 - The writer always keeping in mind the reader's reaction. It has often been said that an 
 attractive letter should look like  asymmetrically framed picture with even margins working as a  
 frame for the typed line that are balanced under the letter- head. 
  Importance and Function of Letter writing:   
  We can determine the importance of letters, writing as follows:-
  •
  1 -It is preferable and desirable more than oral communication because it leaves a record for future           
 reference .In other words, it considers as documentations.
  •
  2 -It is aided to complete most company's functions because firms write letters to customers, suppliers, 
 agencies, employees, government offices. Banks and many other establishments make inquiries to sell goods 
 and collecting payments. 
  •
  3 -Foreign trade depends on letter writing to accomplish import and export transactions in every trading. 
 An organization that deals with large-scale importation of consumer goods and capital goods have constituted 
 specialized department to contact suppliers and follow up the import procedures. 
 We can determine the functions of business letters as following: 
 •To give information to the reader because the achievement of the firm 's objectives depended on the quality and quantity of 
 information which supplied for them.
 •To get information from consumers involves their opinions' about productions and services which provided by their 
 companies. In other word business, letters used as feedback channel and attempt to construct a nice image about it.
 •To build good will that refers to a feeling of confidence in accompany that makes a customer trade with it rather than with 
 another. 
                        (Section 5) 
                      Quality of Writing
 An effective letter refers to writing that produces the desired results, or the message, which is influencing the reader's 
 attitudes and actions. There is a set of variables effect on the quality of business letter to be active. These variables divided 
 into two groups. 
 First group: - Benefit variables that it involves many positive points must use to obtain an effective letter such as: 
 • 1 - Write clearly; This is done by making the message accurate and complete further using familiar words when it contains 
 suitable information for the reader,( no more and no less) beside using language that the sender and receiver understand it.
 •2 - Prefer short and simple words because they are more likely to be missed and less likely to be missed and less likely to 
 distract the reader. Business writers, in fact, write directly and clearly, when we want to write as much information in their 
 message using short and simple words.  
 3 - Write with Vigor:- This is important because:
      A - Vigor's writing holds their readers' interest. But if they are not interested enough to read your message, as a result,       
          your writing cannot possibly achieve its objective
     B - A second reason for writing with vigor has to do with language itself. Therefore vigor's writing tends to lend vigor to 
 the ideas presented.  
 4 - Use specific and concrete language:-It is important and possible, choosing specific words that have a definite, 
 unambiguous meaning, likewise choose concrete words that bring a definite picture to the reader's mind .
 •5- Write concisely:- The revolution of information has created more paperwork, giving business people access to more 
 data. .This lead to have and obtain more data to analyze but not being able to read any faster or having more time in which to 
 do. 
 •6 - Prefers positive language:-The words that create positive image are more likely to help people to achieve their goals 
 than are negative words . Positive language also builds good will for sender and your organization and often gives more 
 information than negative language. 
 Second group: Bad variables that it includes as we mention in previous pages, many negative points must avoid it to gain 
 effective letters.
 1 - Avoid the dangling expression:- which it refers to any part of a sentence that does not logically fit with other sentences 
 in a letter. The two most common types of dangling expression are misplaced modifiers and unclear with previous 
 expressions.
 2 - Avoid jargon words and expressions:- Jargon vocabulary used within a special group, jargon some time is appropriate, 
 but in some time is unsuitable, it is important to notice that jargon perhaps appropriate in same field work but 
 inappropriate in a different field of work. 
 3 - Avoid clichés, slang and buzz words: - A clichéd is an expression that has become monotonous through over use and 
 also avoid slang in business writing for several reasons such as:-
      A -It is informal writing while much business writing used formal words.
      B - It is short-lived. A slang phrase used today may not be in use in the future.
      C - It may not be familiar. 
       Abuzz word is an important sounding express used mainly to impress other people . Abuzz words usually used by       
 government officials and high - ranking business people.  
 4 - Avoid redundancy:- A redundancy refers to the unnecessary repetition of an idea that has already been expressed or 
 intimated.