Analytical Technique:
      •   An analytical technique is a method that is used to determine the identification or 
         concentration of a chemical substance.
      •   There are a wide variety of techniques used for analysis, from simple weighing 
         (gravimetric analysis) to titrations (titrimetric) to very advanced techniques using 
         highly specialized instrumentation.
                                        DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
         Types of analytical techniques 
          • The following are the various analytical techniques 
          • which are being used in qualitative and quantitative analysis of drug substances 
            and drug products in a pharmaceutical industry. 
          • Gravimetric techniques 
          • Titrimetric techniques 
          • Polarimetry 
          • Refractometry 
                                        DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
         • Chromatographic techniques 
         • Spectroscopic techniques 
         • Electrochemical techniques
         • Hyphenated techniques 
                                      DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
                                   Gravimetric Analysis 
         • Gravimetric analysis is a technique through which the amount of an analyte can be 
         determined through the measurement of mass. 
         • Gravimetric analyses depend on comparing the masses of two compounds containing 
         the analyte.
         The principle behind gravimetric analysis is 
         • The mass of an ion in a pure compound can be determined and then used to find the 
           mass percent of the same ion in a known quantity of an impure compound.
         • Examples of gravimetric analysis are residue on ignition, loss on ignition, ash content.
                                         DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
         TITRIMETRY 
           •TITRATION :Measurement of the volume of a unknown solution (the analyte) 
          with a known concentration of a reagent(the titrant). 
          • DIRECT TITRATIONS :Direct titration is the treatment of a soluble substance, 
          contained in solution in a suitable vessel (the titrate), with an appropriate 
          standardized solution (the titrant), the endpoint being determined instrumentally or 
          visually with the aid of a suitable indicator. 
                                         DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS