Planning defined
     Planning is deciding in advance what to do, 
      how to do it, when to do it and who is to do it.
     Planning is the process of establishing goals 
      and a suitable course of action for achieving 
      those goals.
     It provides the bridge to take us from where 
      we are to where we want to go.
     It is a mental predisposition to do things in an 
      orderly way, to think before acting and to act 
      in the light of facts rather than guesses.
   Planning:Nature and 
   Characteristics
     Goal oriented
     Future oriented
     Continuous
     Pervasiveness
     Intellectual process
     Primacy of Planning
     Helps in  Co-ordination
     Involves decision making
     Efficiency, Economy and Accuracy
    Advantages of Planning
     Minimizes risks of uncertainty
     Facilitates coordination
     Facilitates proper direction
     Establishes standard for control
     Improves efficiency
     Encourages innovation
     Facilitates decision making
     Reduces wastage of resources
    Limitations of Planning
     Time consuming
     Involves paper work
     Expensive
     Generates Rigidity
     Dangers of over targeting and under 
      targeting
     Danger of Human error
     Problems with technical and creative staf
     Problems of changing situations
  Planning Process