 A significance test is a formal procedure 
                    for comparing observed data with a claim 
                    (hypothesis).
  Significance      The claim is a statement about a parameter.
  Test              Tests ask if sample data give good evidence 
                    against a claim.
                    If an observed statistic is “far” away from a 
                    hypothesized claim about a parameter, we 
                    have some evidence that the claim is wrong.
                    Statistics vary from sample to sample.  
                    A significance test answers the question, “ 
                    What are the chances we would observe a 
  Significance      sample statistic at least this extreme, 
                    assuming the claim about the parameter is 
  Test              true?”
                    If the chances are low, there is evidence to 
                    suggest the claim is wrong.
                Null Hypothesis, 
                   Claim about the parameter you are trying 
                   to find evidence against.
                   Always a statement of equality. 
                   Let’s assume the parameter is equal to 
                   _____.
                  
  Hypotheses    Alternative Hypothesis, 
                   Claim about the parameter you are trying 
                   to find evidence for.
                   Tests whether or not the actual value of 
                   the parameter is greater than, less than, 
                   or simply not equal to the value in the 
                   null hypothesis.
              The alternative hypothesis is one-sided if it 
              states that a parameter is larger than the 
  One- or     null hypothesis value or if it states that the 
  two-sided?  parameter is smaller than the null value.
              If it two-sided if it states that the parameter 
              is different from the null hypothesis value.
                Suppose you suspect a “chute” of playing 
                cards is not fair.  The chute supposedly 
                contains 10 standard decks shuffled together.  
                You are interested in knowing whether there 
                are more hearts than usual.  To test this, you 
                deal 12 cards at random and calculate the 
                proportion of hearts in your hand.
                  
  Example       a) Describe the parameter of interest in this 
                  setting. parameter:  the true proportion of 
                  hearts in the “chute” of cards.
                b) Write the appropriate null and alternative 
                  hypothesis for this situation.