STATISTICS
  • Manipulating Data to get meaningful 
   inferences out of it.
  • ‘Data’ is plural or singular?
                           Variables
     Metric (Continuous)            Non-Metric (Categorical)
     • Ratio Variable               •  Ordinal Variable
     • Interval Variable            •  Nominal Variable
         •
         Values that look interval are often ordinal
                          - Andy Field
         •
         Continuous variables are continuous (obviously) but also discrete
                     Statistical Techniques
      Descriptive Statistical Techniques      Inferential Statistical Techniques
      •  These techniques are used            •  Inferential statistics uses a 
         to describe the basic                   random sample of data 
         features or characteristics             taken from a population to 
         of data under study                     make inferences about the 
          – Measures of Central tendency         population 
          – Measures of Dispersion                – Finding relationship among 
          – Measures of Skewness                     variables
          – Measures of Kurtosis                  – Testing a hypothesis
   Measures of Central Tendency
  • Mean: The average
  • Median: A point in data set that divides data 
   set in two equal halves
  • Mode: The most frequent value
         Measures of Dispersion
   Series A    Series B    Series C
   100         102         10
   100         104         6
   100         97          480
   100         98          3
   100         99          1
   =100       =100       =100