Dilution
         In a dilution,
         • water is added.
         • the volume of the solution  
               increases.
         • concentration decreases.
         • the mass of solute in the 
               solution remains the same.
     General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e                                                             © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
     Karen C. Timberlake
     Solute Concentrations
     In the initial and diluted solution,
     •   the moles of solute are the same.
     •   the concentrations and volumes are related by the following 
         equation:
                                      CV    =    C V
                                        1  1           2   2
                                     initial         diluted
     This equality is written in terms of the concentration, C, and 
     the volume, V.  The concentration, C, may be percent 
     concentration or molarity.
   General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e      © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
   Karen C. Timberlake
         Dilution of a Solution
         When water is added to a concentrated solution, there is no 
         change in the number of particles. The solute particles spread 
         out as the volume of the solution increases.
     General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e                                                             © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
     Karen C. Timberlake
         Guide to Calculating Dilution Quantities
     General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e                                                             © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
     Karen C. Timberlake
       Dilution: Molarity
       What is the final concentration when 0.50 L of 6.0 M HCl 
       solution is diluted to a final volume of 1.0 L?
                    
                    
       STEP 1  Prepare a table of the concentrations and                                                          
       volumes of the solutions.
                  ANALYZE     Given             Need                   Know            Predict  
                  ANALYZE     Given             Need                   Know            Predict  
                  THE          C =   6.0 M HCl   C  =  ? M HCl                          C decreases
                  THE          C =   6.0 M HCl   C  =  ? M HCl                          C decreases
                                      1                         2 
                                      1                         2 
                  PROBLEM    V =   0.50 L                              V increases
                  PROBLEM    V =   0.50 L                              V increases
                                       1   
                                       1   
                              V  =   1.0 L
                              V  =   1.0 L
                               2   
                               2   
                                       
                                       
                   
                   
    General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e                           © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
    Karen C. Timberlake