Amines
 Learning Objectives
 Chapter ten discusses the following topics  and  by  the  end  of  this  chapter  the 
 students will:
  Know the structure  and classification of amines
  Know the naming rules for amines & precedence order of functional groups in 
   compounds have more than one functional group.
  Know the physical properties of amines
  Know the effect of lone pair of electrons of N atom on basic properties of amines
 Know the different methods used in synthesis of amines
  Know the reactions of amines; in addition to behaving as bases amines can be 
   nucleophiles.
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 145 Chem.
                                Amines
 Structure & Classification
 Amines  are  derivatives  of  ammonia  that  have  one  or  more  of  the 
     hydrogen replaced with alkyl and/ or aryl group.
 Amines: are a class of organic compounds that contain the N group
 Amines are formed in many biological systems. So it used as drugs and 
     medicines.
 Classification Of Amines
             H                        H                        R
          R     N:                R     N:                 R     N:
             H                        R                        R
             o                          o                    o
 primary (1 ) amines     secondary (2 ) aminestertiary (3 ) amines
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 145 Chem.
                                  Amines
  Common Nomenclature  Of Amines
  The common names of amines are derived by listing the name (s) of the group 
   (s)  surrounding  the  nitrogen  (in  alphabetical  order)    and  adding  the  suffix 
   amine.(N.B.  if  two  vowels  come  together  ;  the  first  must  be  omitted  e.g. 
   ethanamine.
  Symmetrical 2° & 3° amines (i.e. the substituents surrounding the N atom are 
   identical) are named by adding the multiplication prefix (di or  tri) to the name 
   of the alkyl group.               H
                                     N
                                                                CH
                                                                   3
                                                          H C N CH
                H C NH                                      3         3
                 3       2
              Methylamine     Benzyl methyl amine                Trimethyl amine     
                    
    Structures with  higher priority groups, the NH group is called amino
                                                  2 
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 145 Chem.
                                 Amines
  IUPAC Names Of Primary Amines
  If  the  compound  does not  contain a  functional group  except  amino group, 
   then  the  compound  is named by finding the longest alkane chain containing 
   the amino group and replacing the e in the IUPAC name by the suffix amine
  However   if   the  compound  contain  other  functional   groups   then   the   
   order    of precedence determines which group are named with prefix or suffix. 
   (see the precedence table on slide 6)
 The highest precedence group takes the appropriate suffix with all other groups 
   taking the prefix (es), however = or Ξ bonds only take suffix form (ene, yne 
   respectively.
 5-Methyl-3-hexanamine          5-Aminoheptanoic acid                   3-Amino-2-butanol
                 NH    CH
                          3               NH2
                                                      H N     CH     CH OH
                                                       2        2      2
   H C    CH     CH    CH     H C    CH   CH    CH
    3        2            3    3       2          3     2-aminoethanol
      N-methyl-2-butanamine        2-butanamine                         5
                                 Amines
     Precedence Order of Functional Groups (Descending Order)
   Class                        Functional group  Prefix    suffix
   Carboxylic acids             COOH                        oic acid
   Cyclic alknes or alkenes with                            carboxylic acid
   COOH group
   Aldehydes                    -CHO              Formyl    al
   Cyclic alknes or alkenes with                            carbaldehyde
   CHO group
   ketone                       -C=O              oxo       one
   Alcohols                     -OH               hydroxy   ol
   Amines                       -NH2              amino     amine
   Ethers                       -OR               alkoxy    -
   Alkenes and aAlkynes         = & Ξ bonds       -         ene & yne
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 145 Chem.