Pedagogy in the New Zealand Numeracy 
                      Projects
               Origins, the Present, the Future
                           
                    A Shift in Normal Science
        Charles Smock at the University of Georgia was working to 
        formulate a constructivist research and development program in 
        mathematics education, including … an adaptation of Piaget's 
        clinical interview. 
       It was difficult, however, to overthrow the tyranny of the empiricist 
       view of normal science in mathematics education.
                           
      …It wasn't until 1983 that an article was published in the JRME 
      with "constructivist" in the title (Cobb, & Steffe, 1983). There, it 
      was argued that the constructivist researcher needed to be a teacher 
      as well as a model builder.
                           
      …As constructivist mathematics education researchers, we became 
      oriented toward studying the construction of mathematical concepts 
      and the operations by which children attend to and organize their 
      experiences.
                           
      In a teaching experiment, it is the mathematical actions and 
      abstractions of children that are the source of understanding for the 
      teacher-researcher. 
      Steffe, L., Kieren, T. (1994). Radical constructivism and mathematics education. Journal 
      for Research in Mathematics Education, 25(6), 711- 733