Explicit Teaching
        A central message is the importance of explicitly teaching writing and a gradual 
        release of responsibility – moving from modelling to shared and interactive to 
        independent writing.
                      Modelling →                Shared & Interactive →      Independent
                      To learners →              With learners →             By learners
        Text Types
        Stephen Graham highlights:
        •  3 broad areas of writing (persuasive; informative; imaginative). 
        •  9 specific text types within the three broad areas (discussion; response; exposition; 
           report; procedure; explanation; recount; description; narrative).
        •  It is not recommended to teach all 9 text types in one academic year!
        •  Rather, comprehensive coverage of 3 text types per year is advised – with a suggested 
           five or six weeks spent teaching each text type.
            
                                                               Adapted from Stephen Graham Understanding How Texts 
                                                               Work Webinars (Dec. 2020)
              Text Type Purposes
         • Discussion: to examine issues from more than one perspective.
         • Response: to respond to a visual, written or performed work.
         • Exposition: to persuade by arguing one side of an issue.
         • Report: to classify and/or describe.
         • Procedure: to instruct someone on how to do something.
         • Explanation: to explain how or why something happens.
         • Recount: to retell a series of events.
         • Description: (often embedded within other text types) to describe the characteristics or 
            features of a person, object or event.
         • Narrative: to entertain, amuse or instruct.
         •  Adapted from Explicitly Teaching Writing (Graham & Small, nelsonprimary.com.au/pd: 2019)
     Describing Bubbles
     •   A tool that can be used for many writing tasks and for 
         various text types.
     •   Useful to have in poster form/on the whiteboard so that 
         it can be referred to often. 
     •   Supports learners to develop sentences and paragraphs. 
                                       number
                      position                              size
              doing           Describing Bubbles
              (verb)
                                                             colour
                          texture            shape
                                                       The Describing Bubble – adapted from Stephen Graham 
                                                       Understanding How Texts Work Webinars (Dec. 2020)