WITHIN NEW ZEALAND, WHO ARE OUR UNDER-
       ACHIEVING STUDENTS IN WRITING?
       -   Upper primary school students and lower secondary 
       school students (10-15 year olds). 
       -   Boys.
       -   Students from minority ethnic groups (Maori and 
       Pasifika).
       -   Students who do not have English as their mother 
       tongue (mainly from Asia).
       IS THIS THE SAME IN SWEDEN?
   NEW ZEALAND: GENDER DIFFERENCE IN ACHIEVEMENT 2014
   79.2% of grade 1-8 girls achieved at or above the national standard for writing.
   63.5% of grade 1-8 boys achieved at or above the national standard for writing.
   This indicates a difference of 15.7%.
   NEW ZEALAND: ETHNICITY DIFFERENCE IN ACHIEVEMENT 2014
   76.8% of grade 1-8 NZ European students achieved at or above the national standard 
   for writing.
   61.2% of grade 1-8 Maori students achieved at or above the national standard for 
   writing.
   59.6% of grade 1-8 Pasifika students achieved at or above the national standard for 
   writing.
   This indicates an average difference of 16.4%.
  SO WHAT SHOULD WE BE DOING 
      ABOUT THIS?
  AN IMPORTANT STARTING POINT
  When quantitative and qualitative data for all students 
  was aggregated and analysed, it became evident that 
  what was suggested as effective pedagogy for all 
  learners was particularly effective pedagogy for under-
  achieving students and especially for boys.  
  (Gadd, PhD research, 2014).