Chapter Outline (cont’d)
                 Chapter Outline (cont’d)
                  Chapter Outline (cont’d)
                  Chapter Outline (cont’d)
       • Behavioral Management Theory (cont’d)
        Behavioral Management Theory (cont’d)
         
           Theory X and Theory Y
           Theory X and Theory Y
       • Management Science Theory
        Management Science Theory
       • Organizational Environment Theory
        Organizational Environment Theory
         
           The Open Systems View
           The Open Systems View
         
           Contingency Theory
           Contingency Theory
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          The Evolution of Management Theory
          The Evolution of Management Theory
           The Evolution of Management Theory
           The Evolution of Management Theory
       Source:                                               Figure 2.1
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             Scientific Management Theory
             Scientific Management Theory
             Scientific Management Theory
             Scientific Management Theory
       • Evolution of Modern Management
         Evolution of Modern Management
          
            Began in the industrial revolution in the late 
            Began in the industrial revolution in the late 
            19th century as:
            19th century as:
             • Managers of organizations began seeking ways to 
              Managers of organizations began seeking ways to 
              better satisfy customer needs.
              better satisfy customer needs.
             • Large-scale mechanized manufacturing began to 
              Large-scale mechanized manufacturing began to 
              supplanting small-scale craft production in the ways 
              supplanting small-scale craft production in the ways 
              in which goods were produced.
              in which goods were produced.
             • Social problems developed in the large groups of 
              Social problems developed in the large groups of 
              workers employed under the factory system.
              workers employed under the factory system.
             • Managers began to focus on increasing the efficiency 
              Managers began to focus on increasing the efficiency 
              of the worker-task mix.
              of the worker-task mix.
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      F.W. Taylor and Scientific Management
       F.W. Taylor and Scientific Management
       F.W. Taylor and Scientific Management
       F.W. Taylor and Scientific Management
       • Scientific Management
         Scientific Management
          
            The systematic study of the relationships 
            The systematic study of the relationships 
            between people and tasks for the purpose of 
            between people and tasks for the purpose of 
            redesigning the work process for higher 
            redesigning the work process for higher 
            efficiency.
            efficiency.
              • Defined by Frederick Taylor in the late 1800’s to 
               Defined by Frederick Taylor in the late 1800’s to 
               replace informal rule of thumb knowledge.
               replace informal rule of thumb knowledge.
              • Taylor sought to reduce the time a worker spent on 
               Taylor sought to reduce the time a worker spent on 
               each task by optimizing the way the task was done.
               each task by optimizing the way the task was done.
              • Taylor:  increase specialization & division of labor to 
               Taylor:  increase specialization & division of labor to 
               make production process more efficient
               make production process more efficient
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      F.W. Taylor and Scientific Management
      F.W. Taylor and Scientific Management
      F.W. Taylor and Scientific Management
       F.W. Taylor and Scientific Management
       • Scientific Management (Taylor) Principles
        Scientific Management (Taylor) Principles
         
            Gather data about ways workers perform their 
            Gather data about ways workers perform their 
           tasks; experiment with different ways to 
           tasks; experiment with different ways to 
           improve performance
           improve performance
         
           Codify methods into written rules and standards
           Codify methods into written rules and standards
         
           Select people who have skills/abilities needed in 
           Select people who have skills/abilities needed in 
           the task and train them on the particular task
           the task and train them on the particular task
         
           Establish acceptable level of performance and 
           Establish acceptable level of performance and 
           reward for performance above that level
           reward for performance above that level
         Organizations chose to select some, rather than all, 
         Organizations chose to select some, rather than all, 
           of these principles.
           of these principles.
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