Objectives Of the course
  At the end of this course students should be able to:
  explain  the  principles  and    technical  requirements  of 
     tissue Culture.
  Discuss applications of plant tissue culture.
   practice the most common methods of plant cell and 
     tissue culture.
  propagate  rare  and  endangered  plant  species  by 
     laboratory method.
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                   Chapter 1. Introduction
   Plant biotechnology - a scientific technique that adapts  plants for 
   specific purposes by cross-breeding, extending their growing seasons, 
   adjusting  height,  color  and  texture  and  several  other 
   mechanisms.
   What is biotechnology? Bio = Biology; Technology = Application=  
   “The application of Biology”
   
     the methods and techniques that involve the use of living organisms 
   like bacteria, yeast, plant cells or their parts or products as tools,  or
   
      controlled use of biological agents for human benefit.
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      integrated use of biochemistry, molecular biology, microbiology to 
      achieve technological application of the capabilities of      biological 
      agents.
              What is plant tissue culture?
   Is a type of plant Biotechnology 
      a technique of growing plant cells, or protoplasts,  tissues, organs, 
      seeds  or  other  plant  parts  in  a  sterile  environment  on  a  nutrient 
      medium;  or
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      in vitro and aseptic cultivation of any plant part on nutrient 
      medium, which divide and regenerate into callus or particular 
      plant organs.
      a technique of growing plant cells by culturing explant aseptically 
          on a suitable nutrient medium.
   (a)Explant -a small tissue excised from any part of the plant which 
          is the starting point ( root, stem, petiole, leaf or flower).
   Meristems are more responsive and give better success as they are 
      actively dividing.
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   (b) Aseptic environment- required to avoid contamination from 
      microorganisms. 
   C) Nutrient media: the type and composition of culture media 
      strongly govern the growth and morphogenesis of plant  tissues. 
      The choice of tissue culture medium largely depends upon the 
      species to be cultured. 
        Development  of  culture  medium  formulations  is  the  result  of 
      systematic    trial  and    experimentation     considering    specific 
      requirements of a particular culture system.
        For instances, White’s medium is one of the earliest plant tissue 
      culture media originally formulated for root culture. 
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