Section 1 at a Glance
       Classical Conditioning
       • Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov pioneered research into 
        a form of learning known as classical conditioning. In 
        classical conditioning, one stimulus causes a response 
        that is usually caused by another stimulus.
       • Classical conditioning can help people adapt to the 
        environment and can help eliminate troubling fears or 
        other behaviors.
        Classical Conditioning
         Main Idea
         Classical conditioning is a form of learning that involves the use of a 
         stimulus to generate a specific response.
         Reading Focus
         • What are the basic principles of classical conditioning?
         • How might classical conditioning help people or animals adapt to the 
          environment?
         • What are some applications of classical conditioning?
                            Principles of Classical Conditioning
                             • Conditioning is a type of learning that involves stimulus-response 
                                 connections.
                             • Classical conditioning is a simple form of learning in which one stimulus 
                                 calls forth the response that is usually called forth by another stimulus.
                             Pavlov’s Dogs                                              Stimulus and Response
                             •   Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov used                  •  Unconditioned stimulus: a stimulus 
                                 dogs in his studies of classical                          that causes a response that is 
                                 conditioning.                                             automatic, not learned
                             •   He trained the dogs to associate the                   •  Unconditioned response: caused by 
                                 sound of a bell with food.                                an unconditioned stimulus
                             •   They learned that the sound of the bell                •  Conditioned response: a learned 
                                 meant food was coming.                                    response to a neutral stimulus
                                                                                        •  Conditioned stimulus: a previously 
                                                                                           neutral stimulus that causes a 
                                                                                           conditioned response