Genome Evolution © Amos Tanay, The Weizmann Institute
      Reading
      •  Course slides on the web
      •  Hartl and Clark, Principle of population genetics
      •  Rick Durret – Probability models for DNA sequence 
         evolution 
      •  Gillespie – Pop. Genetics, A concise guide
      •  Hein et al. - Gene Genealogies, Variation and Evolution: 
         A Primer in Coalescent Theory
      •  Wakeley: Coalescent Theory, an introduction
      •  Graur and Li: Intro to molecular evolution
      •  Classics: Kimura, Dobzhanski..
                                                                                Genome Evolution © Amos Tanay, The Weizmann Institute
    Studying Populations
    Models
         A set of individuals, genomes
         Ancestry relations or hierarchies
            
    Experiments                                                         mtDNA human migration patterns
         Fields studies, diversity/genotyping
         Experimental evolution
                                                                   Åland Islands, Glanville fritillary population  
                                                                     Genome Evolution © Amos Tanay, The Weizmann Institute
   Human population
 Growth:
                 Year       -10,000         0         1750         1950        2010
              Estimate         6          252          771         2521        6055
              (Millions)
                                                                        Genome Evolution © Amos Tanay, The Weizmann Institute
   The Data: the hapmap project
    1 million SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms)
    4 populations: 30 trios (parents/child) from Nigeria (Yoruba - YRI)
               30 trios (parents/child) from Utah (CEU)
               45 Han chinease (Beijing - CHB)
               44 Japanease (Tokyo - JPT)
    Haplotyping – each SNP/individual. 
    No just determining heterozygosity/homozygosity – haplotyping completely resolve the 
    genotypes (phasing)
                                                                        Genome Evolution © Amos Tanay, The Weizmann Institute
   The Data: the hapmap project
    Because of linkage, the partial SNP Map largely determine all other SNPs!!
    The idea is that a group of “tag SNPs” Can be used for representing all genetic Variation in the 
    human population.
    This is extremely important in association studies that look for the genetic cause of disease.