Learning Objectives
           Learning Objective: 
   Understand how different factors affected the characteristics, 
   participation, growth and development of sport through pre-
   industrial, post-industrial, 20th century and 21st century Britatin
           Learning Outcomes:
  All: Describe characteristics and participation in sport across the 
            different stages
    Most: Explain the influencing factors on the growth and 
      development of sport throughout the stages
  Some: Evaluate the effects of a variety of factors on  the growth 
     and development of sport throughout the stages
                
          st
        21  Century Britain
  • Class
  • Amateurism and Professionalism
  • Gender/changing role and status of women
  • Law and order
  • Education
  • Availability of time and money
  • Transport
  • Globalisation of sport
  • Media coverage
  • Freedom of movement for performers
  • Greater exposure of people to sport
                                   Class
        The class system in Britain is less pronounced with more fluidity between social 
        divisions, with more divisions within the middle and working classes.
          Group    Description
          1        Higher professional and managerial workers
          2        Lower managerial and professional workers
          3        Intermediate occupations
          4        Small employers and non-professional self-employed
          5        Lower supervisory and technical
          6        Semi-routine occupations
          7        Routine occupations
          8        Long-term unemployed 
                                       Class
      • Professional athletes such as footballers are often unskilled, unemployed males 
        from working-class backgrounds, longing for the prospect of fame and fortune. 
        Social mobility can be achieved through sports, which results in release from 
        poverty. This is promoted through media, creating role models for young people 
        to aspire to.
      • The rate of participation of people aged 16+ is greater among people from higher 
        socio-economic groups (38.7 compared to 25.7 from manual and unemployed 
        groups)
      • Although there’s less than 1/10 pupils going to fee-paying schools, more than 
        4/10 British medal winning athletes in 2012 were schooled privately.
        –State educated – Jessica Ennis-Hill, Mo Farah, Greg Rutherford, Victoria Pendleton
        –Privately educated – Chris Hoy, Ben Ainslie
      • Football is still seen more as a working class sport, but divisions aren’t as clear as 
                th
        in the 20  Century. However due to prices of seats middle and upper classes are 
        more likely to watch premier league matches and class themselves as fans.
      • Social class can still determine the type of sport a person chooses to play 
        depending on the cost involved
    Amateurism and Professionalism
   • There is now a mix of classes within amateur and 
    professional athletes, with those participating in sport as 
    amateur and professional have more diverse backgrounds 
    related to class, ethnicity and gender than ever before. 
   • More rugby players have become professional
   • Some women’s football teams have started to turn 
    professional with full time training and funding for athletes, 
    however the pay gap is huge! Top female footballers can 
    earn about £35,000 a year, which is the same as an average 
    player in the male Premier league can earn in a week.