Learning outcomes
   • You will know why correct referencing is essential
   • You will know what citations are and when and how to 
   cite in the text
   • You will be able to reference some key sources of 
   information including books, journal articles and 
   websites
   • You will have a good understanding of how to set out 
   bibliographies
   • You will know how to use the guides to answer your own 
   referencing questions
     Why is correct referencing important?
    It is a requirement of your                  Allows others to easily find your sources 
    department/school                            –give as much information as you can
    Puts your current work into                  Helps you re-trace your reading in the 
    context                                      future 
    Provides supporting evidence for facts,      Poor information sources and poor 
    opinions, data, approaches taken             referencing loses marks
    Gives your work academic credibility
    Shows the breadth of your reading
    Avoid plagiarism!
    What are references and citations?
                  Appears in the text of your essay, wherever you use a   
      Citation    quote or incorporate an idea you have picked up from  
                  another source
                  Appears at the end of your essay or chapter, or sometimes 
     Reference    at the bottom of each page, and gives full details of the 
                  source of your information
     Reference  A list at the end of a chapter or essay giving full details of 
         list     sources cited within the essay
                  A list at the end of  your essay which gives the full details 
    Bibliography of all sources which you have read even if they are not 
                  referred to within the text
                                                            Citation          No citation 
                                                            required          required
 You are quoting directly from another source                   
 Mention a fact that is commonly known
                                                                                7
 Present the results of your own survey or experiment                            7
 You are writing about another researcher’s theory or   
 idea using your own words, as a paraphrase or a 
 summary                                                        
 You use an image from the web                                 
 You are using facts and figures from another writer to 
 support your idea                                             
 You use a diagram from a book                                 
 You include some statistics that your lecturer has given 
 you in a lecture                                              
   In-text citations
   Harvard: 
    In the Harvard style, you usually include the author's surname and the date of publication in 
    brackets (Jones, 2005). For each citation there should be a full reference at the end of your work, 
    giving the full details of the source. 
    Jones, A. 2005. References and citations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
   Numeric: 
    In the Numeric style, the citation is a number that refers the reader to a corresponding reference in 
    your reference list. The first source cited in your work is allocated number 1; the second is allocated 
    number 2, and so on. 
      1. Jones, A. References and citations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
      2. Adams, B. Referencing in academic work. London: Sage publications, 2008.