UNIT NO.12.CARBONYL COMPOUNDS 
        AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
          INTRODUCTION
          NOMENCLATURE OF ALDEHYDES AND 
            KETONES
          STRUCTURE OF CARBONYL GROUP
          GENERAL METHOD PREPARATION OF 
            ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
        (i)Ozonolysis of alkenes (ii) Hydration of 
       alkynes (iii) From calcium salts of carboxylic 
       acids- Aldehydes and symmetrical ketones
                                                                R.ABDUL SALEEM,P.G.T.CHEM.TR.  09/09/2022                  2
        ALDEHYDES & KETONES
           PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES- 
             (a)Rosenmund Reduction (b)Stephen’s 
             reaction ©Slective reduction cyanides
           PREPARATION OF BENZALDEHYDE: (i)Side 
             chain oxidation of toluene and its 
             derivatives (ii)Gattermann-Koch reaction 
             (iii)Manufacture of benzaldehyde from 
             toluene.
           PREPARATION OF KETONES: (a)By dialkyl 
             Cadmium (b)Friedal crafts acylation.
                                                                R.ABDUL SALEEM,P.G.T.CHEM.TR.  09/09/2022                  3
        PROPERTIES OF ALDEHYDES & 
        KETONES
           PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
           CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES: 
             Nucleophilic addition reaction – (a)Addition of HCN 
             (b)Addition of NaHSO3 ©Addition of Alcohol 
             (d)Addition of ammonia and its derivatives- 
             (i)Hydroxylamine (ii)Hydrazine (iii)Phenyl Hydrazine. 
             (e)Reaction with Ammonia, Properties  structure and 
             uses
           OXIDATION OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES:
           REDUCTION REACTIONS : (a) Aldehyde reduced to 
             primary alcohols, (b) ketone reduced to Secondary 
             alcohols ( C ) Reduction tHydrocarbons , 
             (d)Clemmensen reduction (e)WolfKishner reduction 
             (f)Reduction to Pinnacols 
           HALOFORM REACTION.
                                                                R.ABDUL SALEEM,P.G.T.CHEM.TR.  09/09/2022                  4
        ALDEHYDES & KETONES
          REACTION INVOLVING ALKYL GROUP
         (1)ALDOL CONDENSATION, AND 
        MECHANISM
         (2)CROSSED ALDOL CONDENSATION
         (3)CLAISEN-SCHMIDT CONDENSATION
         (4)CANNIZARO REACTION, & 
        MECHANISM
         (5)CROSSED CANNIZARO REACTION
         
                                                                R.ABDUL SALEEM,P.G.T.CHEM.TR.  09/09/2022                  5
        ALDEHYDES & KETONES
          (6) BENZOIN CONDENSATION
          (7) PERKIN’S REACTION
          (8) KNOEVENAGAL REACTION
          (9) REACTION WITH AMINE
          (10)CONDENSATION WITH TERTIARY AROMATIC AMINES
          (11)ELECTROPHILIC SUSBSITUTIONS REACTIONS OF 
            BENZALDEHYDE
          (12)ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION OF 
            ACETOPHENONE
          TEST FOR ALDEHYDES:(a)Tollens Reagent Test (b)Fehlings 
            solution Test (3)Benedict’s solution test (4)Schiff’s Reagent Test.
          USES OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES: (a)Formaldehyde 
            (b)Acetaldehyde ©Acetone (d)Benzaldehyde (e) Aromatic 
            ketones.
                                                                R.ABDUL SALEEM,P.G.T.CHEM.TR.  09/09/2022                  6