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                     Introduction
           Main materials used in architecture, 
                building and construction 
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              Relative use of the main building materials today                                                                    D
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         Materials                          World Production         Average        Remarks                                                            s
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                                                        *            Density                                                                           e
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         Rammed earth, pisé                           na                            Was used for traditional houses in Africa mostly.                   
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                                                                                    Some renewed interest for its environmental properties             h
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                2                                   4185             2,0            Year 2017
         Bricks  Traditional production is 
         very polluting and unhealthy                                               Of which 87% in Asia
         Cement 3                                   3545             2,4**          (To obtain the figure for concrete multiply by 3-4)
                                                                                    **Concrete density   -  2018 figures  
               4a                                   1690             7,8            (Crude Steel production 2018) –Includes stainless steel
         Steel 
                                                                                    14% goes into infrastructures - half as rebar 10
                                                                                    42% goes into buildings 12
         Cast Iron and Steel4b                       110             7,8            2017 Figures
                5                                    887             0,56           Sawn wood+wood-based panels only  (2016 figures)
         Wood 
         Deforestation keeps gaining ground                                         Excluding  pulpwood (about 656)
                                                                                    Excluding wood fuel (1860) & other wood products
         Man-Made Polymers 6                         348             1,1            Some Natural Polymers: Cellulose, Rubber,  Silk, Chitin
                                                                                    2017 figures
         Man-made Glass 7                             75             2,6            Flat glass only (80% of total glass market) 2018 figures
                                                                                    Main other markets: Automotive, Solar energy Glass
                      8                               64             2,7            (Primary Aluminum Production in 2018)
         Aluminum 
                                                                                     24% goes into construction 10
         Stainless Steel 9                            51             7,8            2018 figures     17% goes into construction 11
                na: not available                     * in Millions Metric Tons                                                                       3
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         Relative use of the main building materials today:                      
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                                  Bar Chart                       UP            i
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                                       Materials
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        Young’s modulus E of various materials                                                                 s
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                                                                Young’s               Stainless steels         W
                                        Material               Modulus                 are as stiff as 
                                                                E (GPa)                     steel
                                  Steels                           ~210
                                  Stainless steels                 ~210
                                  Copper alloys                    ~130
                                  Titanium Alloys                  ~100
                                  Aluminum alloys                   ~70
                                  Concrete                          ~40
                                  Wood                              ~10
                                  Plastics                           ~4
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                                     of architectural metals                                                                                                                                  l
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                                                                                                                               Stainless steels offer a                                       t
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                                                                                                                                strength/weight ratio                                         h
                                                                                                                                 comparable to steels                                         W
                                                                                                                                      and to Al alloys
                                                                                Strength           Yield, Stress,         Ultimate            Specific wt              Min 
                                      Material                                (YS)/Specific             Mpa                Tensile             (Kg/dm³)           Elongation, %
                                                                                 Weight                                Strength, Mpa
              Stainless 304 or 316, annealed                                        26                  205                  515                   7,8                  35
              Stainless 304 or 316, work-hardened CP 350                            45                  350                    -                   7,8                   -
              Stainless 304 or 316, work-hardened CP 500                            62                  480                    -                   7,8                   -
              Duplex 2205                                                           64                  500                700/950                 7,8                  20
              Stainless 630, aged                                                  103                  800               950/1150                 7,8                  10
              C-steel commercial sheet, Hot rolled                                  30                  234                  317                   7,8                  35
              Structural Steel (plate and bar)                                      32                  250                400/550                 7,8                  23
              HSLA Steel                                                            49                  380                  460                   7,8                  25
              Engineering Steel 4140 Q&T                                            96                  750               930/1080                 7,8                  12
              Aluminum Alloy 3003- H14                                              37                  145                  150                   2,7                  40
              Aluminum Alloy 3105- H14                                              38                  150                  170                   2,7                   5
              Aluminum Alloy 5005- H16                                              44                  170                  180                   2,7                   5
              Aluminum Alloy 6061- T6                                               71                  275                  310                   2,7                  12
              Aluminum Alloy 6063- T5                                               37                  145                  185                   2,7                  12
              Copper                                                                23                  195                  250                   8,3                  30
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