Contents
      Energy use and ecological impact of data centers
      Service Level Agreements
      Software licensing
      Basic architecture of cloud platforms
      Open-source platforms for cloud computing
          Eucalyptus
          Nebula
          Nimbus
      Cloud applications
          Challenges
          Existing and new applications
          Coordination and the Zookeeper
          The Map-Reduce programming model
          The GrepTheWeb application
          Clouds in science and engineering
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   The ratio of the costs for medium size (with around 1,000 
   systems) versus large (with more than 50,000 systems) data 
   centers.
      The costs for the computing and communication infrastructure for 
        medium and large data centers: 
          (a) networking - in dollars per Mbit/sec/month; 
          (b) storage - dollars per GByte/month; and 
          (c) system administrators. 
          
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    AWS – Amazon Web Services
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     Energy use; ecological impact of data centers
   A 2010 report shows that a typical Google cluster spends most of its time 
     within the 10-50% CPU utilization range.
   The operating efficiency of a system is captured by performance per Watt 
     of power. Imbalance between the rates, for example, during the period 
     1998-2007, the performance of supercomputers has increased 7000%  
     while their operating efficiency has increased only 2000%!!
   In an ideal world, the energy consumed by an idle system should be near 
     zero and should grow linearly with the system load. In real life, even 
     machines whose power requirements scale linearly when idle use more 
     than half the power they use at full load.
   An energy-proportional system consumes no power when idle, very little 
     power under a light load and, gradually, more power as the load 
     increases. By definition, an ideal energy-proportional system is always 
     operating at 100% efficiency. Humans are a good approximation of an 
     ideal energy proportional system; the human energy consumption is 
     about 70 W at rest, 120 W on average on a daily basis, and can go as 
     high as 1000 - 2000 W during a strenuous, short time effort.
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