CHAPTER II 
                   THE THEORITICAL FOUNDATION 
                                 
         A.  SQ3R TECHNIQUE 
          1. Definition of SQ3R Technique 
              SQ3R technique proposed by Francis Robinson in 1941, is an increasingly 
            popular technique used to read people. SQ3R is a reading process that consists of 
            five steps Survey, Question, Read, Recite (Recall) and Review. According to Estil 
            (1987:383) SQ3R is strategy has been widely accepted because it is designed to 
            serve not only as a technique for increasing immediate understanding but also as an 
            acid in prolonging retention.  In SQ3R technique students play an important role in 
            understanding reading materials. It facilites students who want to read efficiently 
            and systematically. Meanwhile, olson said that “ the SQ3R method can be used to 
            illustrate the strategy behind most of the other techniques. It also demonstrates how 
            the students may use the strategy in case in which the teacher has not set specific 
            purpose  for  reading  the  chapters.  This  method  consists  of  surveying  read  the 
            contents, make question, read contents, tell the content of reading and reviewing the 
            literature. Accoding to Soedarsono, (2010:59) SQ3R is: 
            1. Survey  
                Survey  or  pre-read  is  a  technique  to  get  to  know  the  material  before 
             reading in full, made to recognize organizations and the general overview that 
             will be read with a view to: 
             a.  Accelerate the capture of meaning. 
             b. Getting the abstact. 
             c.  Knowing the important ideas 
             d. Looking at the composition of( organization) of reading material is  
             e.  Gaining interest careful attention to reading. 
             f.  Make it easy to remember more and understand more easily. 
                Pre-read done only a few minutes, but in a systematic way we quickly 
             discover important ideas and organize materials. It will greaty help achieve the 
             goal of reading. According Soedarsono (2010:60) there are some things that can 
             be used in the survey of reading: 
                            11 
         
             a.  Survey the book 
                 Many part of the nonfiction book can help us to know its contents and 
              help  achieve  our  goal  of  read  the  book,  the  table  of  contents,  preface/ 
              introduction, chapters, index, table, glossary, appendices, images, and others. 
              In pre-read book, the first thing to do is paying attention to the title of the 
              book  and  asking  question  about  the  topic  is  contained.  Then  look  at  the 
              author‟s name and attributes that usully provide content writing instructuion. 
              To see the actualization, look in the publisher. If there is also refer to the back 
              cover of the book  which contains an important message from the publisher 
              about the book. The next stage is as follows: 
              1).  Browse the list of contents. To get the overall organization of the book/ 
                information. Table of contents inckludes a framework and an overview of 
                the  book,  and  containts  the  main  topic  and  subtopic,  other  topics 
                contained in the book. 
              2).  Read the introduction. Sometime if we go to the library, faced with a row 
                of books that explore the same. Maybe we can narrow the choices based 
                on year the publisher, find a more recent example. But often we are faced 
                with another choice, therefore, read the introduction and get the purpose 
                of the author. 
              3).  See table, graph, and others. Part of this book can clarify and speed up 
                comprehension content. 
              4). Appendix. Do not forget a supplement or appendix is usually an additional 
                member of valuable iformation as we read. 
              5).  Browse the index. Get the key words to match with the goals and needs.  
             b.  Survey the chapter 
                 Before you read a chapter, hold a first survey, more carefully than the 
              overall survey earlier. In addition you also observe the subtitle, subtitle and 
              respect, observe visual aids equipment that is in the chapter such as charts, 
              maps, and other. Then consider: 
              1). The first and final paragraphs. Sometime we use it to convey what the 
                paragraph will be discussed in that chapter or chapter summarises and 
                conclusion.  
                            12 
         
              2).  Summary. Overview or summary of the chapters are sometimes given by 
                a  writer  in  a  separate  section  that  precedes  the  chapter.  Read  the 
                summary first to get a general about the chapter. 
              3).  Subtitle. Most writers struggled to give a subtitle to each chapter. But 
                saying a lot of readers just ignore it. Though the subtitle, the subtitle is a 
                lot of clarify the contents of that chapter. With the subtitle, the reader is 
                increasingly aware of the connection section of the book. 
             c.  Survey the article 
                 sometime, the readers found many kinds of article, the article which is 
              to read: 
              1). There continues to be swallowed. 
              2). There is a need to be tstted again. 
              3). There is a need to be summarized. 
              4). There is a need to be weighed, weigh. 
              5). There is direct discarded only. 
                 Therefore, before you let read thrticle are complete survey first,. Only if 
              necessary, we read as a whole. Each are generally devided into several parts, 
              namely introduction, contents, and closing/ conclosion. Each paragraph has a 
              topic sentence that includes the subject matter paragraph. The first sentence 
              or  two  is  usually  the  first  topic  sentence.  To  do  surveying  article  the 
              following stages:  
              1).  Read the title. The title not only indicates the problem to be addressed, 
                but to stimulate readers to think. 
              2).  Read all subtitle. Quickly, subheads help readers form a comprehensive 
                understanding.  Subtitle  suggests  a  special  focus,  as  well  as  aspects 
                refering to the overall topic. 
              3).  Observe also table and others. If the content. there is, also schemes or 
                maps thats clarify the content. 
              4).  Read the introduction. If there is no introduction, read the first paragraph 
                with two high speed, to get an idea, story, setting, tone, mood, and style 
                of the author. 
              5).  Read the first sentence of sub-section. The first sentence is often said that 
                the  contents  of  the  article.  But  sometime  only  a  sentence  the  first 
                            13 
         
                sentence of this transition or simply want to attract the attention of the 
                reader. If so read the last sentence of that paragraph. 
              6).  Disposed. If it was not quality, is not useful to you, why not discarded? It 
                is worth pre-read among other to determine whether we wish this article 
                useful, oe whether they fit our needs. 
            2. Question 
                The second step is to arrange the questions are clear, cocise, and relevance 
             with sections marked text in the first step. The number of questions depends on 
             the length of the text, and the ability to understand the text being studied. If the 
             text being studied containts things that are already known, it may just need to 
             make some inquiries. Conversely, if the background knowledge is not related to 
             the content of the text, it is necessary to frame question as much as possible. 
            3. Read 
                So read the new third step, not the first step or the only step to mastering a 
             reading. How to read was not like reading a novel, just follow what is going on, 
             but  criticaly.  Read  it  section  by  section.  While  reading  parts  of  it  look  for 
             answers to your question on the form of section title or other questions that arise 
             in connection with the reading topic. 
                At this stage, cocentrate on mastering the main idea and important detailes 
             that support the main idea. At this stage there are two stages of reading that must 
             be considered, namely (1) do not take notes. This will slow down your reading. 
             (2) donot make signs like underline certain word or phrases, it could be after you 
             finish reading it you are often mistaken. At this stage, consentrate on yourself to 
             get the basic idea and to know the details are important. 
            4. Recall 
                After finishing reading a section, stop. Try to answer these question or 
             mention of the important things from that chapter. On occasion, you can make 
             notes as needed. If still experiencing difficulty, repeat the read chapter one more 
             time. 
            5. Review 
                Our limited is limited. Even at reading activity, 85% of our master reading 
             work, our ability within 8 hours to remember important details about 40%. And 
             within two weeks of our understanding is 20% only. Therefore you do this last 
                            14