X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD)                   
                                      and       
               XRAY POWDER DIFFRACTION (XRPD)                         
                 Structure Determination by use of  X-Rays
                                                                    
                  Determination of sites/positions of atoms
                                                                    
                  Crystal or X-Ray Structure Determination
                                                                    
                  Finger print, Identification of Substances
                                                                   
               Phase Analysis, Phase Transition Investigation
                                                        
                                                                    1
                 Production of  X-rays by X-ray tubes
                                                     
              Ionisation    Emission
                            of X-rays
                                                       Electrons
                                                       X-rays
               Ionisation by fast electrons  X-ray tube
                  Emission of X-rays
                                                       
                                         Anode (e.g. Cr, Cu, Mo)
                                                            2
                 Production of  X-rays by X-ray tubes
                                                     
                         Electrons
                         X-rays                   Line focus
                                   Pount focus
                X-ray tube                   
                                           X-ray tube
                                                    
           Anode of e.g. Cr, Cu, Mo)   Scheme, Anode, Focus
                                                            3
                                                       White/Slow and Emission Spectra of X-rays
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                     Characteristic
                                                                                                                                          radiation                                        
                                                                                                                                   (Line spectrum)
                                                                                                                                    Slow radiation           
                                                                                                                                       (Continuous
                                                                                                                                           spectrum)                                    
                                                             White spectra (W)                                                                         White and emission spectra (Mo)
                                                                                                                                                                              2                                                                      
                                     λ         [Å] = 12.4/V [kV], λ                                       ≈1.5·λ                                            ν         ~ Z (Henry Moseley, 1913)
                                        Min                                                      Max                       Min                                 Kα
                                                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   4