Weblinks 
        
       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logotherapy  
       http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/frankl.html  
       http://www.existential-therapy.com/Key-Figures.htm  
       http://www.goodtherapy.org/logotherapy.html  
       http://www.logotherapyinstitute.org/About_Viktor_Frankl.html  
       http://www.zurinstitute.com/logotherapy_clinicalupdate.html  
        
       Suggested Readings 
        
       Cooper, D., (1999). Existentialism, Oxford: Blackwell. 
        
       Corey, G. (2009). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. 
        
       Engler, B. Personality Theories (2009). 8th Edition. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. 
        
       Feist, J., &Feist, G. J. (2009). Theories of Personality (7th Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.  
        
       Frankl, V. E. (1963).  (I. Lasch, Trans.)  Man's Search for Meaning:  An Introduction to Logotherapy.  
       New York:  Washington Square Press.  (Earlier title, 1959:  From Death-Camp to Existentialism. 
       Originally published in 1946 as EinPsychologerlebt das Konzentrationslager) 
        
       Frankl, V. E. (1967).  Psychotherapy and Existentialism : Selected Papers on Logotherapy.  New 
       York : Simon and Schuster. 
        
       Frankl, V. E. (1973).  (R. and C. Winston, Trans.)  The Doctor and the Soul:  From Psychotherapy to 
       Logotherapy.  New York:  Vintage Books.  (Originally published in 1946 as ÄrztlicheSeelsorge.) 
        
  PSYCHOLOGY    PAPER No. 6: SELF AND INNER GROWTH 
                MODULE No.20:  EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY& VIKTOR FRANKL 
        
        
       Frankl, V. E. (1975).  The Unconscious God:  Psychotherapy and Theology.  New York:  Simon and 
       Schuster.  (Originally published in 1948 as Der unbewussteGott.  Republished in 1997 as Man's 
       Search for Ultimate Meaning.) 
        
       Frankl, V. E. (1996).  Viktor Frankl -- Recollections:  An Autobiography.  (J. and J. Fabray, Trans.)  
       New York:  Plenum Publishing.  (Originally published in 1995 as Was nicht in meinenBüchernsteht.) 
        
       Friedman, H. S., &Schustack, M. W. (2011). Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research (5th 
       Ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. 
        
       Friedman, M. (2008). Religious fundamentalism and responses to mortality salience: A quantitative 
       text analysis. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18(3), 216-237. 
        
       Frager, R., & Fadiman, J. (2005). Personality and Personal Growth (6th Ed.). Englewood 
       Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 
        
       Funder, D. C. (2001). The Personality Puzzle (2nd Ed.). New York: W. W. Norton.  
        
       Maurice Friedman, (1964)the Worlds of Existentialism. New York: Random House. 
        
        
       May, R (2009). Man's Search for Himself. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393333159. 
        
       Morse, D. R. (1998). Confronting existential anxiety: The ultimate stressor. Stress Medicine, 14(2), 
       109-119. 
       Ryckmann, R.M. (1993) Theories of personality (5th ed.) California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. 
        
       Schneider, K.J. (2011). "Existential-Humanistic Therapies". In S.B. Messer & Alan Gurman (Eds.), 
       Essential Psychotherapies. (Third ed.). New York: Guilford. 
        
       Schultz, D, and Schultz, S. (2009) Theories of Personality, 9th. New York, NY; Wadsworth. 
        
       Spiegelberg, H., 1984. The Phenomenological Movement, 3rd ed. The Hague: MartinusNijhoff. 
        
       Taylor, C., 1989. Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity, Cambridge MA: Harvard 
       University Press 
        
       William  Glassman  and  Marilyn  Hadad,(2010)  Approaches  to  psychology  ,  5th  edition  Open 
       University Press 
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
  PSYCHOLOGY    PAPER No. 6: SELF AND INNER GROWTH 
                MODULE No.20:  EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY& VIKTOR FRANKL 
        
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
         Value Additions 
          
         BIOGRAPHY 
          
      VIKTOR FRANKL 
                                                               
      Viktor Frankl was an Austrian doctor who originated and introduced the term logotherapy for the first 
      time as a form of Existential Analysis. One of the most significant figures of existential therapy and 
      humanistic psychology, Frankl’s services as a psychiatrist and neurologist are commendable. However, 
      he is best known for his famous book Man’s Search for Meaning .Born in Vienna on March 26, 1905, 
      Viktor Emil Frankl was born into a Jewish family. Frankl developed an early interest in the field. His 
      fascination with people and behaviors led him to be involved in Socialist youth organizations. At the 
      age of 16, Frankl sent an essay he had written to renowned psychiatrist Sigmund Freud. The article was 
      published three years later when Frankl was only 19. After graduating from high school in 1924, Frankl 
      went on to study medicine at the University of Vienna. He later gained specialization in neurology and 
      psychiatry and focused his studies on the factors of depression and suicide. Frankl held interest in 
      Alfred Adler’s theory and published another psychoanalytic article in Adler’s International Journal of 
      Individual  Psychology  in  1925.  During  a  public  lecture  in  1926,  Frankl  introduced  the  term  logo 
      therapy.  
       
      Frankl worked at the Psychiatric University Clinic for one year beginning in 1928. After graduating 
      with medicine degree in 1930, Frankl became the in charge of a psychiatric ward in Vienna that catered 
      to the treatment of suicidal women. By 1937, Frankl had begun his own private practice in neurology 
      and psychiatry. When Hitler’s troops invaded Austria in 1938, Frankl chose to stay back for the concern 
      of his elderly parents despite having an opportunity to flee to the United States. In 1940, Frankl was 
   PSYCHOLOGY       PAPER No. 6: SELF AND INNER GROWTH 
                    MODULE No.20:  EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY& VIKTOR FRANKL 
          
                     
            appointed the head of the neurological department of the Rothschild Hospital. Two years later in 1942, 
            he married Tilly Grosse. Nine months after the wedding, Frankl, his wife, brother and parents were 
            deported  to  the  Theresienstadt  camp  near  Prague.After  the  deportation,  Frankl  would  stay  in  four 
            different Nazi camps and survive the Holocaust. He also survived in Poland when the camp doctor was 
            directing the incoming prisoners into two lines. Prisoners in the line on the left were being sent to the 
            gas chambers while the ones on the right were to have their lives spared. Frankl happened to be in the 
            left  line  but  escaped  death  by  slipping  into  the  other  line  unnoticed.  From  the  experiences  in 
            imprisonment, Frankl realized that a person is most likely to survive a suffering or ordeal if he finds a 
            reason to live, be it a big one or an insignificant one. Losing his family to the Holocaust, Frankl used the 
            grief and suffering of losing his family to write his bestselling book, Man’s Search for Meaning. The 
            book has been translated into more than 24 languages and reprinted over 73 times. It has also been 
            widely used for academic studies in high school and university courses. 
             
            In 1947, Frankl married once again and had a daughter. A year earlier, he was made the Executive 
            Director of the Viennese Neurological Health Centre, a position he kept until 1971. With 29 honorary 
            doctorates  and  30  books,  Frankl  was  the  first  non-American  to  receive  the  American  Psychiatric 
            Association’s prestigious Oskar Pfister Prize. During his lifetime, Frankl lectured at 209 universities all 
            over the world including Harvard and Stanford. On September 2, 1997, viktorFrankl died of a heart 
            failure. 
            Source:http://www.famousauthors.org/viktor-frankl                                                                                
                    FACTS ABOUT FRANKL’S THEORY  
                     
               Finding meaning 
               So  how  do  we  find  meaning?   Frankl  discusses  three  broad  approaches.   The  first  is 
               through experiential values, that is, by experiencing something - or someone - we value.  This can 
               include Maslow’s peak experiences and esthetic experiences such as viewing great art or natural 
               wonders. 
               The most important example of experiential values is the love we feel towards another.  Through our 
               love,  we  can  enable  our  beloved  to  develop  meaning,  and  by  doing  so,  we  develop  meaning 
               ourselves!  Love, he says, "is the ultimate and the highest goal to which man can aspire."  (1963, pp. 
               58-59) 
               Frankl points out that, in modern society, many confuse sex with love.  Without love, he says, sex is 
               nothing more than masturbation, and the other is nothing more than a tool to be used, a means to an 
               end.  Sex can only be fully enjoyed as the physical expression of love. 
               Love  is  the  recognition  of  the  uniqueness  of  the  other  as  an  individual,  with  an  intuitive 
               understanding  of their full potential as human beings.  Frankl believes this is only possible within 
               monogamous relationships.  As long as partners are interchangeable, they remain objects. 
               A second means of discovering meaning is through creative values, by “doing a deed,” as he puts 
               it.  This is the traditional existential idea of providing oneself with meaning by becoming involved 
               in one’s projects, or, better, in the project of one’s own life.  It includes the creativity involved in art, 
               music, writing, invention, and so on.Frankl views creativity (as well as love) as a function of the 
               spiritual unconscious, that is, the conscience.  The irrationality of artistic production is the same as 
     PSYCHOLOGY                                PAPER No. 6: SELF AND INNER GROWTH 
                                               MODULE No.20:  EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY& VIKTOR FRANKL