1. INTRODUCTION
   CHANGE AS A CONSTANT
     Change is the only thing in this world that does not change.  In other 
     words, change is the only constant. Change is the most vital driver of 
     growth and survival.  
     Every  organism  that  cannot  adapt  to  change  dies.  [The  dinosaurs 
     became
         extinct because they could not adapt to environmental changes that 
     took
         place in their time].
     Every organization that does not embrace change would be
         stack and eventually collapse. The catchword is 
         “change or die”
     Changes occur in everyday life: at home and at the office; 
         personally and organizationally; politically and 
         economically.
       Technology       
                 Workforce
             FORCES OF 
              CHANGE
      Economi       Competiti
        cs             on
              Politics
         2. FORCES OF CHANGE [relevant to GAS]
         A.TECHNOLOGY
             Introduction and evolution of computers
             Introduction and evolution of mobile 
             communication devices
         B.WORKFORCE
             Entry of new staf
             Exit of staf
             Cultural diversity in the workplace
             Staf skill and capacity
       2. FORCES OF CHANGE [relevant to GAS]
       C.  ECONOMICS & POLITICS
          Change in governments
          Introduction of new laws 
          Changes in monetary and fiscal policies
          Changes in financial management 
          systems
          Increase in audit scope [e.g. discovery of 
          oil]
       D.  COMPETITION
          Membership of international bodies 
          [AFROSAI, etc]
          New audit methodologies
          Evolution in audit standards
        3. DEFINITIONS
        A. CHANGE
           Doing or making things diferent from what used to be
        B. PLANNED CHANGE
           Change activities that are intentional and goal oriented
           Planned changes are directed at responding to changes 
           in the environment.
           It involves changing people’s behaviour and doing new 
           things.
        C.  UNPLANNED CHANGE
           Changes that just happen
           Accidental occurrence [note how meat came to be 
           roasted]
           Changes outside Management initiative
        D.  CHANGE AGENTS/drivers
           Officers in the organization who act as drivers and 
           assume responsibility for managing change activities.
           Managers and non-managers can all be change drivers.