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   Introduction
   Electrophoresis has been defined as the differential movement of charged 
   species (ions) by attraction or repulsion in an electric field. 
   Electrophoresis as a separation technique was introduced by Arne Tiselius 
   (Sweden, 1902-1971) in 1937. Placing protein mixtures between buffer 
   solutions in a tube and applying an electric field, he found that sample 
   components migrated in a direction and at a rate determined by their charge 
   and mobility. 
   For his work in separation science Tiselius was awarded a the 
   Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1948).
   For teaching purpose only. 
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   Table of Contents (ToC)
   Introduction
   • How does it work?
   Principles
   • Electrophoresis - Ion velocity
   • Electrophoresis - Forces
   • Electrophoresis - Mobility
   • Electroosmotic flow
   • Mobility and migration time
   • Resolution
   Comparison of techniques
   • Chromatography vs Electrophoresis
   Characteristics of capillary electrophoresis
   Further Information
   For teaching purpose only. 
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    Introduction
    How does it work?
    Electro (electric) + Phoresis (migration) 
                                                                                    Negative electrode
    Simplified process:
    •    Samples are loaded into wells and                                             n
                                                                                       o
                                                                                    &  i
         charged molecules start migrating                                             t
                                                                                    d  c
                                                                                    l  e
                                                                                    e  r
                                                                                    i  i
         through the gel when voltage is                                            f  d
                                                                                        
                                                                                    c  n
                                                                                    i
                                                                                    r  o
                                                                                    t  i
         applied.                                                                   c  t
                                                                                    e  a
                                                                                    l  r
                                                                                    E  g
                                                                                       i
    •    Molecules with smaller molecular                                              m
         weight move faster then molecuels 
         with higher molecular weight. 
                                                                                    Positive electrode
    ToC
    For teaching purpose only. 
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    Introduction
    How does it work?
      Separation efficiency in free solution, 
      as performed by Tiselius, was limited                                     (a)                                            (b)
      by thermal diffusion and convection.
      For this reason, electrophoresis 
      traditionally has been performed in 
      anti-convective media, such as 
      polyacrylamide or agarose gels. 
      Primary application area:
      •   Size-dependent separation of 
          biological macromolecules such as 
          nucleic acids (RNA/DNA) and 
          proteins.                                                           Comparison of gel used for slab gel electrophoresis (a) 
                                                                              and capillary for Capillary electrophoresis (b).
    ToC
    For teaching purpose only. 
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