Definition of culture
              Beliefs                                                             Values
      Basic understanding of                                             What a group of people 
      a group of people about                                            defines as good and ad 
      what the world is like  or                                           or what it regards as 
        what is true or false                                                    important
              Norms
       Rules for appropriate                                                Social Practices
      behavior, which provide                                                The predictable 
      the expectations people                                             behavior patterns that 
        have of one antoher                                               members of a culture 
         and of themselves                                                    typically follow
         Lustig, M., Koester, J. (2013, 7th ed.) Intercultural Competence. Upper Saddle River, N.J. 
         : Pearson Prentice Hall  Pearson. (p.26)
                                           Dr Nadine Normand-Marconnet, Global Connections, 9/3/2015  2
              Definition of  ‘intercultural challenge’ 
       The ‘intercultural challenge iceberg’, from Pamela Kittler, Food and Culture ( 2001, 3rd ed.)
                                                              Race 
                                                             Gender
                                                               Age
                                                           Nationality
                                               Acculturation/assimilation
                                                 Socioeconomics status
                                                         Occupation
                                                     Health condition
                                                           Religion
                                                    Sexual preference
                                                    Group membership
                                                Educational background
                                                    Political orientation
                                                      Dr Nadine Normand-Marconnet, Global Connections, 9/3/2015                  3
           Definition of Intercultural Communication
        Intercultural communication is a                             Intercultural communication occurs when 
        symbolic, interpretative,                                    large and important cultural differences 
        transactional, contextual process                            create dissimilar interpretations and 
        in which people from different                               expectations about how to communicate 
        cultures create shared meanings.                             competently. (Lustig & Koester, 2013 :48)
        (Lustig & Koester, 2013:43)
                                  A situation where people from different cultural 
                             backgrounds come into contact with each other; or a 
                               subject of study that is concerned with interactions 
                              among people of different cultural and ethnic groups 
                                   and comparative studies of communication 
                                   patterns  across cultures (Zhu Hua, 2011: 422)
                                                      Dr Nadine Normand-Marconnet, Global Connections, 9/3/2015                  4
           Cross-cultural or intercultural communication?
            Cross-cultural communication                             Intercultural  communication
           Compares and contrasts native                              Involves an investigation of 
              discourse and communication                                 interpersonal interaction 
              styles /behaviours in different                        between individual (or groups) 
                              cultures                                  from diverse linguistic and 
               E.g. : behaviour of business                                 cultural  background.
              students in case discussion in                        E.g. : a South Korean student in 
              Saudia Arabia   behaviour of                         Seoul interacting in English with 
                 business students in case                              an exchange student from 
                   discussion in Malaysia                                            Sweden 
                                                     (Jackson, 2014: 3)
                                                      Dr Nadine Normand-Marconnet, Global Connections, 9/3/2015                  5
           Reasons to study IC
              The study of Intercultural communication is bout acquiring the necessary 
             knowledge and dynamic skills to manage differences appropriately and 
           effectively. It is also about developing a creative mind-set to see things from 
        different angles without rigid pre-judgement. (Ting-Toomey & Chung,  2005: 3)
                               Imperative for learning more about IC? 
                                                         Globalisation
                                                     Internationalisation
                                     Communication/transportation  technologies
                                                   Demographic changes
                                                     Conflict and Peace
                                                              Ethics
                         Personal skills (self-awareness, creative problem solving, etc.)
                                                      Dr Nadine Normand-Marconnet, Global Connections, 9/3/2015                  6