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Current Research in Psychology 5 (1): 64-72, 2014
ISSN: 1949-0178
©2014 Science Publication
doi:10.3844/crpsp.2014.64.72 Published Online 5 (1) 2014 (http://www.thescipub.com/crp.toc)
THE IMPACT OF EFT AND MATRIX REIMPRINTING ON THE
CIVILIAN SURVIVORS OF WAR IN BOSNIA: A PILOT STUDY
Boath, E., T. Stewart and C. Rolling
Staffordshire University, BG58 Brindley Building, Leek Rd, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 2DE, England, UK
Received 2014-06-20; Revised 2014-07-09; Accepted 2014-07-16
ABSTRACT
A pilot study was carried out to establish the feasibility and effectiveness of Matrix Reimprinting (MR) in
treating post traumatic stress symptoms in civilian survivors of the war in Bosnia. Two Healing Hands
Network Centres in Bosnia in Sarajevo and Hadzici. Clients accessing the Healing Hands Network in
Bosnia were invited to participate in the pilot study of MR. At the start and end of their treatment, clients
were asked to complete a modified version of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Checklist (PCL-C; Blanchard et al.,
1996) at baseline, immediately after the two week MR intervention and then at 4 weeks follow-up. Eighteen
clients were included MR pilot study. There was a significant reduction in the mean scores from baseline to
immediately post intervention (p = 0.009) and again at the 4 week follow-up (p = 0.005). The size of the
immediate effect was sustained at follow-up (p = 0.65). The qualitative analysis (via. an evaluation form at four
weeks follow-up) identified the following four themes: Theme 1: Physical and psychological changes
Theme 2: The strength to move on and to self-care Theme 3: Rapport with the MR Practitioners Theme 4:
Recommending it for others. Despite the limited sample size, significant improvements were shown. The
qualitative and quantitative results support the potential of MR as an effective treatment for post traumatic
stress symptoms. Further controlled studies are required.
Keywords: Matrix Reimprinting, EFT, PTSD, Bosnia, Trauma
1. INTRODUCTION that 26.3% of Bosnian refugees in Croatia suffered
PTSD and 45% of those were still affected after 3 years.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is In addition to the impact on war (Babic et al., 2010;
apsychological disorder that can develop after exposure to Koso and Hansen, 2006; Kuljic et al., 2004), research
one or more traumatic events that threatened or caused suggests that 90% of the casualties of war are civilians
severe physical harm (NICE, 2005a). Symptoms of PTSD (Alexander 2010). Thousands of citizens experienced
are varied and include: Re-experiencing symptoms via and/or witnessed highly traumatic events, during and
flashbacks, nightmares or distressing intrusive images; following the war (Hodgetts et al., 2003). Addressing
avoidance of people, situations or circumstances that act psychological trauma following war is therefore critical,
as reminders of the traumatic events; hyperarousal however the resulting social and political upheaval
including hypervigilance, exaggerated startle responses, combined with lack of resources means that remarkably
irritability, difficulty concentrating and sleep problems; few receive mental health services (Connolly et al.,
emotional numbing and feeling detached from other 2013). This has resulted in long-term emotional issues
people (NICE, 2005a) Galea et al. (2005) suggest that and mental health problems within the civilian
PTSD can persist for years if untreated. population (Hodgetts et al., 2003). While there have
It has been reported that 39.2% of Bosnian refugees been many interventions to support civilian survivors of
in Croatia suffered from depression and 26.3% from this war (Butollo, 2000; Kruse et al., 2009; Layne et al.,
PTSD (Mollica et al., 1999). Oruc et al. (2008) reported 2008), research has shown that the recovery rates
© 2014 Boath, E., T. Stewart and C. Rolling. This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 3.0 license which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. DOI: 10.3844/crpsp.2014.64.72
Boath, E. et al. / Current Research in Psychology 5 (1): 64-72, 2014
among patients treated in specialized centres for war- Disorder (PTSD) (Connolly et al., 2013; Church and
related PTSD is poor and symptom improvements Feinstein, 2010; 2012; Boath et al., 2012; Stein and
small (Priebe et al., 2010). Brooks, 2011; Church et al., 2013; 2012b; 2009;
Extensive research has been carried out in an Karatzias et al., 2011; Stewart et al., 2013).
attempt to identify the most effective treatment for Much research has been carried out on the civilian
PTSD (Cowap et al., 2014) and recent meta-analytic survivors of the war in Bosnia (Mollica et al., 1999;
reviews suggest that exposure therapy, CBT and Eye Oruc et al. (2008). Although research has demonstrated
Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) the effectiveness of TFT in treating PTSD in refugees
to be efficacious treatment approaches (Benedek et al., (Folkes, 2002) and civilian survivors of the genocide in
2009; Bradley et al, 2005; IM, 2006; 2007; NICE, Rwanda (Sakai et al., 2010; Connolly and Sakai, 2011), to
2005a; Seidler and Wagner, 2006). However, the date no study has reported on the effects of MR on post
debate surrounding most effective PTSD treatment traumatic stress symptoms in civilian survivors of war.
continues and while some researchers have argued Hobfoll et al. (2007) emphasise that EFT, TFT and
towards the superiority of treatments such as exposure other self help tools can increase subjects’ self-
therapy (Nemeroff et al., 2006), some state the efficacy and enhance recovery. Clients being treated
argument that no one treatment is superior to another with MR are first taught EFT and can then use EFT as
(Lee et al., 2006). In spite of the current debate, part of and between MR sessions. Although EFT can
trauma-focused treatment remains the current be easily taught and self-administered, clients are not
recommendation as the primary PTSD treatment advised to use MR by themselves for extreme issues
protocol (APA, 2000; NICE, 2005b). (Dawson and Allenby, 2010).
Matrix Reimprinting (MR) is a newly developed Research suggesting that EFT is an efficient and
psychological technique that can to improve health and effective intervention for a range of psychological
wellbeing by allowing clients to access and transform disorders has grown exponentially over the past decade
painful memories about traumatic events (Dawson and and three systematic reviews have been recently published
Allenby, 2010). MR evolved from Emotional Freedom (Feinstein 2008; Boath et al., 2012; Feinstein, 2012).
Techniques (EFT; Craig, 2011). EFT is a gentle therapy Although there are a growing number of MR practitioners
that can be used for a variety of emotional issues, (around 2,500 worldwide) and anecdotal evidence
including PSTD (Craig PTSD book; Feinstein, 2010; demonstrating the effectiveness of MR for a wide range of
Church, 2010; Church et al., 2012a; 2013). In EFT, issues including: Trauma, fibromyalgia, allergies, phobias,
subjects gently tap with their fingertips on acupressure pain management, depression, anxiety and, stress
points (mainly on the head and hands) and relate this to reduction, a literature search of nursing, medical and
the voicing of specific statements (Craig, 2011). MR is psychological electronic databases using the key terms
an energy psychology technique which incorporates ‘matrix reimprinting’ revealed only one published clinical
EFT, imagined parts/inner child work, referred to in MR studies of MR to date (Stewart et al., 2013).
as Energy Consciousness Holograms (ECHOs) and also A systematic review of EFT for PTSD is currently
integrates recent understanding from quantum and underway by two of the authors, who have identified
epigenetic science (Church, 2013). Using MR, the client nine published papers focused on EFT for PTSD
works with the ECHO to release the stress or trauma in a (Cowap et al., 2014). Five of these focus of combat trauma
dissociated manner by imagining themselves talking to (Church et al, 2009; Church, 2010; 2013; Gurret et al.,
and supporting the ECHO. The client can then support 2012; Hartung and Stein, 2012). However no published
the ECHO using EFT to relive or revise the traumatic papers focussed on EFT for civilian survivors of war.
event. A new and positive picture is then created and Healing Hands Network is a British based Charitable
highlighted, which is used to reprogram the mind with Organisation established in 1996 to help survivors of the
the new information, indicating that the trauma is over
(Dawson and Allenby, 2010). siege in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (HHN, 2013).
MR is claimed to be particularly suitable to help They provide therapy treatments to people living with
clients overcome serious health and emotional mental, physical and emotional effects of war and
challenges, including conflict and war trauma disaster in and around Sarajevo. Clients are referred by
(Dawson and Allenby 2010; Stewart et al., 2013). local organisations including the Association of
There is a growing body of literature that suggests Concentration Camp Victims, the Association of Civil
that energy psychology methods including EFT and MR War Victims and the Centre for Torture Victims. This
are effective in the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress pilot study aimed to assess whether Matrix Reimprinting
Science Publications 65 CRP
Boath, E. et al. / Current Research in Psychology 5 (1): 64-72, 2014
would be an effective and acceptable treatment of PTSD Demographic and occupational questions were added
in civilian survivors of the 1992-95 war in Bosnia. to the questionnaire, but no sensitive questions
regarding ethnic/religious background were included.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The final two questions asked whether or not the
A sample of 18 adults was selected by the two respondents witnessed or experienced what they
considered to be a traumatic event during the conflict
Bosnian administrators of Healing Hands Network, with and if yes, did they think that it still affected them
the inclusion criteria that subjects were still experiencing today. The questionnaire was translated into Bosnian-
severe emotional distress from their experiences during Serbo-Croat, back-translated into English and pilot-
the 1992-95 war in Bosnia. All 18 were existing clients tested by health professionals in BiH.
of Healing Hands Network (HHN) and were identified Clients were assessed using the PCL-CM at three
by HNN as being suitable for MR. time points, at baseline, immediately post intervention
The participants had been exposed to a wide and at four weeks post intervention. Clients were asked
spectrum of traumatic events during the war including: to fill in an evaluation form to explore their views of MR
Beatings, confiscation or destruction of personal at four weeks follow-up. Responses were captured in
property, war wounds, torture, rape, sexual humiliation writing. The qualitative data were analysed using a
and/or witnessing another person’s injury or murder. framework approach (Ritchie and Spencer, 1994). The
None of the subjects spoke English and three quantitative data were entered into SPSS. Data were
interpreters were therefore recruited. All three screened for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test.
interpreters were introduced to the highly experienced, PTSD scores were found to be normal and were analysed
qualified and certified MR volunteer practitioners who using the paired t-test. Where P-values were <0.05, the
gave them an introduction to EFT and Matrix differences were considered statistically significant.
Reimprinting at an introductory meeting prior to meeting
any of the participants. 3. RESULTS
The intervention was carried out at two separate
venues, eight participants at each site. The first Group A total of 18 civilian survivors of the war participated
(Group A) were seen at the HHN headquarters in in the research. Four were men and 10 women, 4 were
Sarajevo and the second group (Group B) in the HHN aged 30-40 years, 7 were 40-60 years and 3 were over
outreach post in Hadzici, 12 km from Sarajevo. 60. Table 1 shows the difference in PCL-CM over time.
Each participant was timetabled to receive four, one One client did not complete the PCL-CM; the reason for
hour, one-to-one sessions spread over two weeks at their this was not provided.
respective centre. Each person saw the same practitioner The mean score on the PCL-CM at baseline (pre MR
and interpreter for each session. intervention) was 82.71 (SD = 18.72) and immediately
Each person was given translated written copies of post the two week intervention, the mean scores reduced
the basic EFT protocol, including suggestions for using to 53.77 (SD = 27.20). This was clinically and
EFT to aid sleep. They were also introduced to a statistically significant (p = 0.009). The mean score on
breathing technique similar to Heart Math breathing, a the PCL-CM at the 4 week follow-up was 53.38 (SD =
heart-focused breathing technique which can be helpful 24.58). This was a clinically and statistically significant
for emotional wellbeing (IH, 2013). The clients were
instructed that they could continue to use EFT on reduction from the baseline scores (p = 0.005). There
themselves any time they wished. was however no significant change in scores between the
At the end of the two weeks, both groups met and post intervention and 4 week follow-up (p = 0.65),
were given time to talk with each other about their suggesting that the immediate effects of MR were
experiences during the study and provide written sustained, representing both a clinically and statistically
feedback on MR. significant reduction from baseline.
The outcome measure used was a version of the
civilian version of the PTSD Checklist (PCL-C; Table 1. Results of inferential analysis pre and post MR
Blanchard et al., 1996) which had been modified and Mean (SD) N = 17
translated into Bosnian. The PCL-CM was selected for Baseline 82.71 (18.72) 13
its ability to screen for PTSD without asking about the Post intervention 53.77 (27.20) 13
specific traumatic events that may have caused PTSD. 4 week follow-up 53.38 (SD = 24.58) 13
Science Publications 66 CRP
Boath, E. et al. / Current Research in Psychology 5 (1): 64-72, 2014
The qualitative data produced richr insight into the “I have noticed a change and a positive one. I
client’s experience and outcomes of EFT and MR. No feel very happy, satisfied, more brave and more
negative side effects were reported and all 14 clients who positive overall towards life... (Mira)
completed the evaluation form gave positive feedback Theme 2: The Strength to Move on and to Self-
about their experiences and these were characterised by Care
four overarching themes:
Theme 1: Physical and psychological changes Participants reported that not only had MR had given
Theme 2: The strength to move on and to self-care them the strength to move on with their life, learning
Theme 3: Rapport with the MR Practitioners EFT as a precursor to MR had provided them with a
Theme 4: Recommending MR for others strategy for self care:
Quotes are presented to illustrate the themes; names “The sessions gave me enough strength to move
have been changed to maintain confidentiality. on with my life...While I was coming to the
Theme 1: Physical and Psychological Changes therapies, my family has noticed that I was a lot
calmer. (Sava)
It was evident from the data that MR produced “These treatments are very good and I know that
positive changes. All reported positive changes in they will give me the strength to move on with my
psychologically and some physically and that these life” (Zora)
changes had also been noted by family and friends as
illustrated by the following data extracts: “This therapy was very useful for me, I managed
“I have noticed a change and a positive one. I to relax and rest a lot.. (Mira)
feel very happy, satisfied, more brave and more “I managed to achieve so much within the past
positive overall towards life. I became happier ten days. Five days after the first session I felt
and more communicative with my friends...My great and relaxed...“This therapy helped me a
family has noticed this change in me as well my lot. I am much calmer than before. I learnt how
to help myself when I am depressive because this
friends who now say I appear to be more cheerful therapy helps me to calm down and relax” (Izet)
and more talkative… I feel a little better talking Theme 3: Rapport with the MR Practitioners
with my family and friends. I am even capable of
speaking with people I don’t know-unlike before. Rapport can be described as a sympathetic
All sessions helped me to improve my psychological relationship or understanding between the practitioner
as well as physical health” (Lamia) and client, or a achieved when the client feels that the
“Of course I have changed for the better. I feel a therapist understands them and appreciates the value
lot better and other people say that about me as and complexity of their personal experience (Owens,
well... (Josip) 2012; Yapko, 1995). Rapport is essential in building a
therapeutic alliance with a client (Hartmann, 2002)
My family noticed the improvements in my mood and the participants noted the positivity and empathy
and behaviour..(Branka) of the two therapists:
My daughter tells me that lately I am more calm “I would like to express my gratefulness and
and that I am not as aggressive as before.” thankfulness to X {MR/EFT therapist] X has made
(Alenka) a huge positive turn in my life. She is very brave, a
“Treatment has helped me a lot. Other people very strong person and a joyful person. I wish
noticed the improvement. I feel much better nothing more than for X to be happy and to
(Hasan) always have that smile on her face. I would like to
thank the whole crew. Thank you!” (Lamia)
...At the beginning I felt a huge burden on my “We have worked with beautiful therapists
shoulders and my mind was filled with grey who knew how to help us. Both of the
thoughts but after only one session my mind therapists showed us a lot of understanding
cleared, the greyness disappeared and I felt and they had so much positive energy that they
stronger.” (Zana) managed to transform onto us as well. I would
Science Publications 67 CRP
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