INTRODUCTION
   
    Many  of  the  names  of  aldehydes  and  ketones  are 
   derived from the names of the corresponding carboxylic 
   acids.
   
    The information about the  nomenclature of carboxylic 
   acids  is  very  useful  to  give  the  nomenclature  of 
   aldehydes and ketones 
         Naming of Carboxylic acids
                                                               O
               R-COOH,  R-CO2H,                         R C
                                                                 OH
         Common names
                             HCOH                        -     Formic acid
                                     2
                             CHCOH                       -     Acetic acid
                                  3      2
                          CHCHCOH                           -     Propionic acid
                               3      2     2
                          CHCHCHCOH     -                         Butyric acid
                               3      2     2      2
                          CHCHCHCHCOH    -Valeric acid
                               3      2     2      2     2
       5     4     3    2     1
       C—C—C—C—C=O
       δ     γ     β     α                    used in common names
                            Br                                     CH
                                                                       3
          CH CH CH CHCOOH                                    CH CHCH COOH
              3     2     2                                      3          2
             bromovaleric acid                           -methylbutyric acid
                                                           isovaleric acid
      NAMING OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS 
               COOH
                       benzoic acid
               COOH                 COOH               COOH
                     CH
                         3
                                          CH
                                              3
                                                       CH
                                                           3
           o-toluic acid        m-toluic acid      p-toluic acid
        ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
                                         O
        “carbonyl” functional group:     C
        Aldehydes                             Ketones
           O              O                          O
           C              C                           C
        H      H       R      H                   R      R'
                         R can be Ar